GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION l'J 



capped. As decay proceeds, t in-st- capplnga become sunken and perforated, und, 

 as the healthy brood emerges, the comb Bhowa the scattered cells containing 

 larvae which have died of disease, still capped. The most noticeable charac 

 teristic of this infection is the fact that when a small stick is Inserted in u 

 larva whirl) has died of the disease, and slowly removed, the broken-down 

 tissues adhere to it and will often stretch out for several inches before break 

 in::. When the larva dries, it forms a tightly adhering scale of very dark brown 

 color, which can best be observed when the comb is held so that a bright lighl 

 strikes the lower side wall. Decaying larvre which have died of this disease 

 have a rery characteristic odor, which resembles a poor quality of glue. This 

 disease seldom attacks droue or queen larva?, it appears to he much more 

 virulent in the western part of the United States than in the Bast 



EUROPE \ \ I oil. BROOD. 



European foul brood i often called "black brood "i is not nearly as widespread 

 in the United states as is American foul brood, bu1 in certain parts of the coun 

 try it has caused enormous losses, it is steadily on the increase and is con 

 stantly being reported from new localities, it is therefore desirable that bee 

 keepers he on the watch for it. 



Adult hees in infected colonies are not very active, but do succeed in cleaning 

 cm some of the dried scales. This disease attacks larvae earlier than does 

 American foul brood, and a comparatively small percentage of the diseased 

 brood is ever capped. The diseased lar\;e which are capped over have sunken 

 and perforated cappings. The larva 1 when first attacked show a small yellow 

 spot on the body near the head and move uneasily in the cell. When death 

 oc.nrs. they turn yellow, then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larvae 

 which have died of this disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread when 

 a small stick is inserted and slowly removed. Occasionally there is a very 

 slight " ropiness," but this is never very marked. The thoroughly dried larvae 

 form irregular scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of 

 the cell. There is very little odor from decaying larva' which have died from 

 this disease, and when an odor is noticeable it is not the "glue-pot " odor of the 

 Vmerican foul brood, hut more nearly resembles that of soured dead brood. 

 This disease attacks drone and queen larva' very soon after the colony is in- 

 fected. It is as a rule much more infeetions than American foul br 1 and 



spreads more rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the disease 

 will disappear of its own accord, a thing which the author n< ver knew to occur 

 in a genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is most destruc- 

 tive during the spring and early summer, often almost disappearing in late 

 summer and autumn. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 



Mr. France (Wisconsin). When I was with Doctor Phillips and 

 Inspector Elutchinson in Michigan studying the difference between 

 American and European foul brood, it occurred t<> me that it was 

 possible to bring together at this time specimens of diseased brood 

 from different localities. En my own city (Platteville, Wis.) I round 

 -ample- of diseased comb and had reserved them for this meeting, hut 

 unfortunately three of the four -ample- in my possession contained 

 moth larvae, and it was impossible t<> tell anything about the disease. 

 The only one that I -till have is now in my grip. 



Mr. Dadant. Where were those samples from? 



