i 
. a 
FRINGILLIDZ AND STURNIDA.— ANALOGIES. 109 
among trees, and have the bill very strong and entire. 
The second, which is the subtypical, contains the Tana- 
grine, or tanagers, already alluded to as having a distinct 
notch at the tip of the upper mandible: these also are 
almost entirely arboreal. 3. The Fringilline, or true 
finches, differ materially from’ the two former: they 
have generally much smaller, but more perfectly conic, 
bills ; their food consists almost entirely of seeds; and they 
chiefly live upon the ground. The fourth includes only 
the larks, or the Alaudine: in these the bill is much more 
slender than in any of the preceding, and the hind claw is 
always more or less lengthened. The Alaudine pass into 
the Pyrrhuline, or bulfinches, having a very short, thick, 
and swollen bill, much curved above, and whose habits 
lead them to frequent trees. Comparing these subfami- 
lies with those of the Sturnide, the last group we inves- 
tigated, we shall find they represent each other in the 
following manner : — 
FRINGILLIDE and Sturnipz, — Analogies. 
: Typical of their respective circles: d 
Coccothraustine. § notch of the bill small or obsolete. ‘ts bahia: 
Tanagrine. : 2 eeatge above, and ae ee Lamprotornina. 
Fringilline. aint of the mouth with an mrad Scaphidurina. 
Alaudine. Bill lengthened and slender. Icterine. 
Pyrrhuline. Bill very short. Agelaine. 
We cannot afford space to enlarge upon such of the 
analogies as are evident; those, for instance, in the 
second, fourth, and fifth lines; but although there is 
no striking external character shared in common by the 
Fringilline and the boat-tails (Scaphidurine), yet it is 
wonderful how these two groups represent each other ; for 
the Scaphidurine actually possess that internal bony pro- 
tuberance in the roof of the upper mandible, which so 
peculiarly distinguishes the genus Emberyza from all the 
finches: a character, moreover, which is only found 
in the opposite column among the boat-tails ie shall 
