54 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
It fits snugly about the pupa, which is so securely anchored inside as 
to be with difficulty extricated. 
The pupa (fig. 17, b) has the general shape and color- 
ation of that of S. pecuarum, but the thoracic filaments 
consist only of the original six rays, which do not 
branch. The length of the pupa stage for this species 
averages five days. 
The adult insect (fig. 18, female; fig. 19, male) has the 
general apearance of pecuarum, but is smaller and 
lighter in color. 
The females are 2.5 to 3 mm. in length, the males from 
me mum 1.5 to 2mm. The females are of a general slate-blue 
male—enlargea COlor and have darker markings on the thorax and 
(from Ann. Rept. gbdomen, as shown in the figure. There is also a sil- 
Dept. Agr., 1886). < 
very pubescence over most portions of the body, and 
the colors of Some parts change in certain lights, giving greenish, 
coppery, and dark blue. The male has confluent eyes composed of two 
very different sets of facets, which 
are clearly shown in the figure. 
The body throughout is darker, 
mostly black with bluish luster, 
and rather sparse white pubes- 
cence. . 
The flight, method of attack, 
and other habits of this species 
need not be given separate de- 
scription, neither is there any- 
thing to add regarding remedies 
that may be available for the de- 
struction of the adults or preven- 
tion of their injuries. 
The breeding places of the 
larve, however, seem more open 
to attack than the others, and ex- 
periments recorded in the report 
of the Department for 1886 show 
that it is possible to affect them with solutions added to the water, 
but not with great success, except when used in such quantities as 
to kill other insects, fishes, ete., which probably prey upon the gnat 
larvee. 
If the breeding places in the creeks have to be searched out to apply the insecti- 
cides, it would be much more simple to remove all the logs, sticks, and leaves. All 
the fences across the branches should be removed, or ratber replaced by wire fences, 
which would neither impede the current nor catch as many sticks and leaves. Logs 
and larger twigs, if not embedded too deep in the mud of the creek or banks, will 
always be removed by the high water, a very common occurrence in the buffalo-gnat 
region. Old leaves made heavy by the adhering mud would also be carried away by 
Fig. 19.—Simuliwm meridionale: male—enlarged 
(from Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr., 1886). 
