oz INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
just at the surface, and from this point there was a regular gradation in the size of 
the larve down into the stream. The eggs were found abundantly on the Ist of June. 
In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History for January, 1880, 
Dr. Hagen described Simulium pictipes, a remarkably large species, the larve and 
pup of which were found in the rapids of the Au Sable River, Adirondack Moun- 
tains, and in mentioning the fact in the American Naturalist for April, 1881, we 
stated that the larve and pupew of presumably the same species were found by 
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz in the rapids of Michipicoten River, north shore of 
Lake Superior. The larve were there found to have the peculiarity of floating in 
long strings, attached to each other by silken threads, while the pupe, found in the 
quieter pools close by, resembled clusters of coral. 
We also hazarded the statement that these were the immature forms of the cele- 
brated black fly of the Lake Superior region. In reference to the probable identity 
of the Adirondack with the Lake Superior species, Dr. Hagen, in comparison of the 
specimens of these larve and pups, received from Mr. Hubbard, with similar stages 
of S. pictipes, remarked (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIII, pp. 150, 151) that while 
the larve and pup did not differ materially, imagoes from the Lake Superior, not 
raised from the pup collected by Mr. Hubbard, differed from S. pictipes in their 
much smaller size and in the color of the legs. (Report of the United States 
Entomologist for 1884, pp. 342-343.) 
The report of the Entomologist for 1886 contains detailed accounts 
of the life history of two species named respectively the Southern - 
buffalo-gnat and the turkey-gnat. The recent appearance of this report 
and its accessibility to all render it unnecessary to give more than a 
brief synopsis of these species, which will be added in their proper 
places. 
LOSSES FROM BUFFALO GNATS. 
The injuries caused by buffalo gnats are among the most serious 
resulting from insect attack on domestic animals and man. Since it is 
impossible to refer all such injuries to the species causing them, a 
statement of the losses due to the species collectively will be in place 
here. 
The famous Columbacz midge has kept up its yearly attacks upon 
the stock in its respective locality for more than a century, according 
to authentic records, and so late as 1880 has caused, according to a 
report from Minister John A. Kasson, the loss of 158 buffalo, 186 oxen, 
175 cows, 56 calves, 49 sheep, 118 horses, and 1,137 hogs. (See Report 
U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1884, p. 341.) _ 
In this country the losses from the species in the Northern States, 
though by no means inconsiderable, have not been such as to bring out 
accurate statistics. In the South the losses of sheep, hogs, poultry, 
cattle, horses, and mules have been very great, but approximate est) 
mates are given in only a few cases. 
As far as can be learned the damage in Louisiana was but slight prior to 1850; but 
many animals were killed in 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1866. In this latter year the 
parish of Tallulah, La., lost over 200 head of mules, and upward of 400 mules and 
horses were killed within a few days in the parishes of Madison, Tensas, and Con- 
cordia, all in the same State. In other States they also did great damage. In 1868 
many mules were killed in the lowlands of Daviess County, Ky. Although fre- 
quently causing more or less trouble and loss, they did not appear again in such 
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