94 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
Coating the back from neck to loins with tar or with a mixture of 
sulphur, 4 ounces; spirits of tar, 1 gill; train (whale) oil, 1 quart, once 
a week. ‘Train oil alone two or three times in the season and one 
application of spirits of tar, carbolic acid, sulphur, and linseed oil 
combined, are reported in Miss Ormerod’s pamphlet as effective for 
bovis. 
Animals that are housed are said not to be attacked, and furnish- 
ing sheds in pastures or access to shade of trees or to bodies of water 
is considered as helpful. 
We doubt, however, if these measures can be used as satisfactorily 
in large herds of cattle or on the ranches of the Western States as 
measures directed against the grubs. And unless the substance serves 
to catch and kill the fly it will of course simply seek animals not pro- 
tected or possibly be driven to deposit eggs on some other part of the 
body. 
In January the warbles become large enough to be detected by pass- 
ing the hand along the back, and at this time a little kerosene rubbed 
into each one or the application of mercurial! ointment will destroy the 
grub, which rests with the breathing pores directed toward the surface, 
securing its supply of air through the small channel connecting the 
cavity with the outer surface. The sore heals up and the hide in a 
short time becomes perfect, so no loss need be incurred if the animal 
is to be slaughtered in late winter or early spring, and for milch cows 
the drain upon their vitality and productiveness is stopped. , 
Even if these measures have been adopted every animal should be 
examined during March and any grubs found should be destroyed. 
They are by this time quite conspicuous, being felt by running the 
hand along the back, or in many cases can be distinetly seen as promi- 
nent lumps. The hole through which they breathe and finally escape 
is now large enough, so that by careful pressure the maggot may be 
forced out unbroken. If necessary, the opening may be enlarged a 
little by using a round stick bluntly pointed, as a probe. If late in the 
spring, all grubs pressed out should be crushed to prevent possibility 
of their getting into suitable places to pupate and finally reach the 
adult stage. For cattle in stables it is a very simple matter, while 
handling or feeding them, to run the hand along the back, and on 
detection of a grub to press it out, and all farm hands should be 
instructed to lose no opportunity to relieve the cattle from these 
annoyances. 
While it is certain that this insect could be practically exterminated 
in the United States in a single year, we realize fully the great diffi- 
culty in getting every person owning cattle to know or appreciate the 
need of using the necessary means; and two or three scrub cows in a 
county unecared for will of course perpetuate the species. Nevertheless, 
this should not debar anyone from attending to the matter with his 
own stock, for, since the flies travel but short distances, every farmer 
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