DIPTERA. | - 95 
may secure practical immunity in his own herds, and after the first 
year’s thorough work have scarcely any trouble in attending to them. 
He should, of course, examine carefully every anima! brought to his 
farm, and rid it of grubs before the time of their maturity. Many 
farmers are careful to attend to this matter already, but there is no 
systematic attention to it, and the only permanent check to their 
increase at present lies in the fact that millions of them infesting cattle 
slaughtered between October aud April perish with their hosts, and 
hence only those in cattle kept over from year to year survive to con- 
tinue the species. 
We ean not close this sketch of remedies without presenting a plan 
which, though it may be styled fanciful or ideal, must if carried out 
result in the extermination of the pest and a saving, we believe, of not 
less and probably more than $50,000,000 per year to the farmers of the 
United States. 
Let every man owning kine of any grade be posted by a general proc- 
lamation. inserted in every newspaper in the land that in a certain 
winter, say 1900, he is to examine every animal in January and apply 
kerosene or mercurial ointment to all lumps discoverable on the back 
from the neck backward, and down halfway on the ribs; that in 
March or at latest before the middle of April he must go over every 
animal again, and press out and destroy any warbles remaining. Then 
the following winter if any warbles whatever are to be found to repeat 
the processes. This, with the destruction of grubs in all cattle imported 
from other countries, must prove successful. Even if a few escaped 
by the neglect of some shiftless stock owner, or by accidental oversight 
in searching for them, the result would repay over and over again, and 
for many years, the grand effort of that year. 
Ox Bot-FLY OR WARBLE FLY. 
(Hypoderma bovis DeG. ) 
As previously stated, this species was formerly supposed to be dis- 
tributed over America, but the utter fail- efiaig 
eee AS ed\ 
ure to find a single specimen of the larva 
Za) ox 
or adult in the mass of material that has 
been examined in the last few years 
makes it doubtful if even the earlier 
records of its occurrence in this country 
can be relied upon, and therefore it seems 
necessary to define its distribution as 
covering the countries of the Old World 
surrounding the Mediterranean. Brauer 
\ 
gives its European distribution as from pyc. 39,— Hypoderma bovis — enlarged 
Scandinavia to the southernmost por- after Brauer). 
tions, and also saysitis distributed over Asia, Africa, and North America, 
