IPTERA. 115 
It was first noticed as troublesome to cattle in this country in 1887, 
and while we can not say with certainty just when it was introduced 
we may be pretty sure that it was during the year 1886, or at most not 
earlier than 1885, It is even possible that it may have been brought 
over in the spring of 1887, as its powers of reproduction are such that 
a few weeks would suffice to make it a conspicuous pest in a limited 
area. 
Within two years from the time when it was first recognized in seri- 
ous numbers it had become so numerous and had spread over so large 
a region that it was made the subject of a very careful and successful 
study by Messrs. Howard and Marlatt of the Division of Entomology. 
The results of these investigations were published in Insect Life (Vol. 
IJ, p. 93) and in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agricul- 
ture for 1889. 
It was also made a subject of study at the New Jersey Experiment 
Station, and Professor Smith’s report in Bulletin 62 of that station gives 
the results of the season’s observations and trials of remedies. Since 
these papers appeared the insect has spread over practically all of the 
United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and also into a large por- 
tion of Canada, and numerous articles have appeared in the bulletins 
of experiment stations and in agricultural journals with reference to 
it, the greater portion of them being based on the original studies above 
mentioned. 
INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD IN AMERICA. 
All accounts agree in placing the first serious occurrence of this 
insect in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and it appears probable that it 
was at that port that the flies first landed. 
From there as a center it spread in all directions, though at first 
mainly southward, and by 1889 it had covered most of the State of 
New Jersey, portions of eastern Pennsylvania, a considerable area in 
Maryland, and also a portion of northern Virginia. 
In 1891 it had been reported from New York, Ohio, Kentucky, 
Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi, and in 1892 from Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, Canada, Michigan, Indiana, Lowa, Louisiana, and 
Texas. 
More recent records refer more particularly to its increase and local 
distribution in the various States, but it may be said to occupy now 
practically all of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and 
the Provinces of Ontario and Quebee in Canada. 
NATURE AND EXTENT OF INJURY. 
As with most new pests, the nature and amount of damage caused 
by the insect was the subject of much exaggeration and wild specula- 
tion. As usual in such cases extreme views were taken, both of which 
wereerroneous, Those who asserted that no damage whatever resulted 
