120 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
begin egg laying soon after issuing from the pupa stage, there is room 
for a number of generations during even a northern summer, probably 
from six to eight being common. 
REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
While the injuries of this pest have abated after the first two or 
three years in all localities where it has appeared, it is doubtless here 
to stay, and must be looked upon as a permanent source of damage, 
theamount of injury varying with favorable or unfavorable conditions. 
For its treatment two lines should be followed, one directed toward 
the protection of the cattle from the direct attacks of the flies, the other 
to the destruction of the larve, with a view to lessening the number 
of flies. 
AOR S are 
PES OORT Ot DED 
Gas Aan 20 000? 
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\ LH 
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Fia. 61.--Hematobia serrata: a, side view of head of larva; b, ventral view of head of larva, show- 
ing antenne and thoracic stigmata; c, dorsal view of analend of larva, showing anal stigmata; d, anal 
plate of puparium; e, ventral view of anal end of larva, showing anal plate—still more enlarged 
(from Insect Life). 
For the direct protection of cattle, the remedy most generally adopted, 
and which can be strongly recommended, is the daubing of the parts 
most affected with some sticky, offensive substance to repel the flies. 
Of these, a mixture of fish oil and tar, equal parts, is found one of the 
most permanent and effectual. Axle grease is used with good results. 
Spraying the animals with kerosene emulsion has been recommended, 
and if adopted should be applied at evening when cattle are yarded, a 
convenient method being to drive them through a gate at each side 
of which stands a man with spraying nozzle, so as to spray the flies of 
both sides at once. If only one nozzle is available the original sug- 
gestion of driving the cattle through a gate and then immediately 
back, so as to get the flies on the unsprayed side, may be adopted. 
et RS Oe 
