136 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
A close-fitting veil would no doubt protect the eyes, but in the hot days of a south- 
ern summer the wearing of a veil is a torture almost equal to that of the flies. For 
the same reason applications of oil of tar, oil of pennyroyal, and similar sub- 
stances, which are more or less satisfactorily used in the North against the mosqui- 
toes, black flies, and sand flies, is hardly bearable in the South. Smoking cigars or 
a pipe offers a good protection to those who indulge in this vice, but even an invet- 
erate smoker can not smoke constantly when he is out of doors. A good smudge 
also drives away the flies, but of course can not be classed among the remedies that 
are handy and available at every hour and at every place. Sprinkling the coat collar 
and other parts of the clothing with Eucalyptus oil (and no doubt, also, other 
strongly smelling etheric oils), as lately recommended as a good repellent against 
house flies, should be tried, and promises, in my opinion, good results. 
This sketch of the flies is naturally very incomplete, as, were the 
attempt made to include all that may at times annoy domestic animals, 
it would require a volume by itself. The common house fly, for instance, 
may often prove a serious pest to domestic animals, and its annoyance 
in houses is too well known to need any comment. The effort has been 
to give a fairly adequate treatment of those species which are of greatest 
concern to the stock raiser, especially in the United States. 
Family HIPPOBOSCID 2. 
(Forest Flies, Ticks.) 
This remarkable and interesting group of insects contains two species 
of special interest to the stock breeder, both of which are old and 
familar pests. 
The species of the family at large oceur on a number of animals, but 
the greater number occur on birds, and especially upon birds of prey, 
and therefore have no relation to our present discussion. 
They are horny-bodied, flattened flies with tubular mouth parts fitted 
for suction, and having, except the sheep tick, well-developed wings. 
They are therefore somewhat migratory in their habits. 
They are especially remarkable and abnormal in their method of 
reproduction, the eggs hatching and the larve developing within the 
body of the adult, so that when extruded they have almost reached 
the pupa stage. The extruded larva changes almost immediately to 
the pupa, the larval skin forming a hard pupa case, and in this con- 
dition they resemble seeds. This stage is quickly passed, and the adult 
appears, assuming at once its mature form. 
Williston remarks that the genus Lipoptena is remarkable in that in 
the earlier state the flies have wings and live on birds, but later they 
seek quadrupeds, where they remain, and having no further use for 
their wings, they lose them. It must be inferred that the young flies 
issuing on mammals migrate by means of their wings to birds and later 
return to a mammal host. 
pO SO er 
