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282 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
exposure of fifteen to twenty minutes, but in some trials on sheep it 
was ineffective even with an hour or two of dense fumes, the long 
matted wool evidently protecting the parasites. Inthe experiments the | 
sheep had wool 6 inches or more long. When out of the wool the 
insects succumbed quickly to fumes. 
WASHES AND DIPS. 
Applications of liquid remedies are the main reliance in the treat- 
ment of external parasites, and the choice between methods depends 
largely upon the amount of work to be done. 
The most available substances are the solutions of tobacco, diluted 
carbolic acid, kerosene emulsion, infusion of stavesacre for lice, or some 
of the regular sheep dips. 
For lice on cattle a wash of kerosene emulsion rubbed on with a rag 
or the hands to the parts where eggs and lice are most abundant can 
be used even in winter, with some care to avoid exposure, and while 
not usually reaching every louse, will suffice to keep the pests in cheek. 
Tobacco decoction.—A simple tobacco decoction is made by steeping 
tobacco leaves and stems in water. Such decoctions are poisonous to 
most animals and should not contain more than 2 to 5 per cent of 
tobacco. With horses they should only be applied to a part of the 
body at one time. 
Tobacco and sulphur dip.—A combination especially favored in Aus- 
tralia, given by Curtice, consists of tobacco and sulphur, of 1 pound each 
to every 4 gallons of water to be used, the tobacco solution and sulphur 
being stirred together till of a creamy consistency and then diluted with 
required amount of water. 
Sulphur and lime dip.—Flowers of sulphur 25 pounds, quicklime 20 
pounds, water 100 gallons. Lime is first slacked in usual manner, then 
the rest of the water and the sulphur are added. Boil for twenty min- 
utes and strain well. Hold the sheep in the mixture until the scabs are 
thoroughly soaked. Immerse the head at least once. Use the dip at 
100° to 110° F. Dip twice, with an interval of ten days. The ingredi- 
ents should be carefully sifted before mixing, and the sediment should 
not be thrown into the tank. 
Tobacco, sulphur, and lye dip.—Thirty pounds of tobacco, 7 pounds of 
sulphur, 3 pounds of concentrated lye, dissolved in 100 gallons of water. 
Law’s dip.—Tobacco 16 pounds, oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 pounds, 
soft soap 4 pounds, water 50 gallons. Sufficient for 50 sheep. The 
tobacco should be steeped, afterwards the other ingredients added at 
70° F. 
Cotton-seed oil_—This is claimed by Dr. Francis to give on a large 
scale the most satisfactory results for ticks. The oil is simply poured 
on a vat filled with water, the cattse being drenched with it as they 
emerge. 
For a few animals a small vat is sufficient, and pigs, lambs, dogs, ete., 
