MOTHS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 297 
campide, are probably the least specialized; as they possess a 
frenulum, they cannot justly be derived from the Lasiocampide — 
themselves, but have probably a common ancestor not far 
removed. From this original family are derived four branches, 
viz. (1) the Bombycide (this name has often been wrongly applied 
to the Lasiocampide, but here denotes Bombyx mori, the “ silk- 
worm” moth, and its allies) and Saturniade, which have lost the 
frenulum entirely; (2) the Notodontide, Polyplocide (Cymato- 
phoride of some), and Sphingide, stout-bodied forms, whose 
larve are commonly furnished with various prominences; (3) 
the Uraniade and Epiplemide, in which veins 6 and 7 of the 
fore wings are normally stalked ; (4) the several families formerly 
called Geometrina, whose larve have usually lost two or three 
pairs of prolegs. 
Lastly, the Caradrinina contain seven families, of which the 
Ocneriade (Liparide of some) is doubtless the most ancestral, 
making in fact a close approximation in many points to the 
Psychide, and showing a tendency to exhibit similar apterous 
females. In this, and the allied family Hypside, vein 8 of the 
hind wings is connected by a bar with the middle of the upper 
margin of the cell. In the Agaristide, Caradrinide, and Plusiade 
(these two latter forming the old group Noctue, whose name is 
untenable, belonging by right of priority to an owl), this is 
modified so that 8 anastomoses with the cell-margin very shortly 
near base, the Agaristide being characterized by the apically 
swollen or sometimes clubbed antenne, the Caradrinide by the 
obsolescence of vein 8 in the hind wings, which in the Plusiade is 
well-developed. In the Arctiade a further modification takes 
place, 8 anastomosing with the cell-margin for a considerable 
distance from base. In the Syntomidide is reached the extreme 
of change in this direction, 8 becoming wholly absent by coinci- 
dence with the cell-margin and 7. 
In this scheme the Caradrinina, Notodontina, Papilionina, and 
Tortricina are all terminal developments, 2. e. growths which lead 
to nothing beyond themselves, and in translating this scheme 
into a linear form it would be possible to take any one of these as 
top, and the other branches in any convenient succession. But, 
considered as a whole, the Caradrinina, from the difficulty of 
sharply defining the families (which implies comparatively little 
