66 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 



bands extending across the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, 

 these bands not being present in the western form. The eastern 

 insect has been known as an enemy to peach trees in the Eastern 

 States for almost 200 years, as is evidenced by the numerous accounts 

 which have appeared in horticultural and entomological journals. 

 It is distributed throughout the eastern and middle-western peach- 

 growing sections and undoubtedly has been introduced into Cali- 

 fornia on nursery stock, although it does not yet seem to have 

 become established there. The California and eastern borers choose 

 similar food plants and attack and injure trees in the same ways, 

 and the methods of control are therefore similar. The California 

 borer is apparently a western American form exclusively and a 

 native of the Western States. It is considered a serious pest only 

 in limited areas in the San Francisco Bay district. 



The writer endeavors to discuss in this paper what is known of the 

 distribution of the California peach borer, its life history, its food 

 plants, its parasites, and the best known artificial measures of con- 

 trol. He wishes to express his thanks to those of his associates, 

 Messrs. Charles T. Paine and P. iv. Jones, who have at different 

 times helped in making the life-history records, and to various orchard- 

 ists who have furnished trees for the purpose of experiments and who 

 have helped to make the work practical. 



DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD PLANTS. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



The California peach borer has been known to entomologists since 

 1881, when Henry Edwards collected a few specimens and described 

 the species as JEgeria opalescens, 1 and since then it has been known 

 variously as Sanninoidea opalescens and S. pacifica Riley. In his 

 first account of the insect, Henry Edwards told of having collected 

 three male specimens in Virginia City, Nev., and he also had one 

 type female, which had been collected' by Morrison and was listed 

 from Colorado. Later, Beutenmuller gave, as the habitat of the 

 species, Oregon, California, and Nevada. Mr. F. X. Williams, for- 

 merly of the California State Commission of Horticulture, has col- 

 lected one specimen at Donner Lake, Nevada County, Cal., at an 

 elevation of 6,000 feet. He has also collected many specimens in 

 flight near Castello, in Shasta County, at an elevation of 2,000 feet. 

 Other collectors of Lepidoptera have also taken it in these same 

 mountainous sections of California. The insect is known as a pest 

 only in the Santa Clara Valley and in Alameda and San Mateo 

 Counties, whose areas lie close around the southern arm of San 

 Francisco Bay. 



1 See description, p. 78. 



