76 



Returning later to Shanghai, after making another short stop at 

 Chifu, I made a thorough examination of the peach-orchard district 

 lying to the west of this city, and in these orchards T found not a trace 

 of the San Jose scale. Later I examined several of the small Chinese 

 nurseries and gardens in and about the city, and in one of these nur- 

 series 1 found on some young stock the San Jose scale. It was dying 

 out, however, and evidently the climate of Shanghai and southward in 

 China is not one wmich the San Jose scale can successfully endure. 

 The difficulty is probably due to the excessive heat and the accompany- 

 ing great moisture of the rainy season of summer, which probably 

 develops a fungous disease and exterminates the scale. The plants of 

 this whole region are notably free from scale attack, with the single 

 exception of the holly, which is usually considerably infested with 

 wax scale, Ceroplastes sp. 



Later I made a trip into the interior of China from Shanghai by 

 houseboat, examining orchards and house plantings en route, but 

 without finding a trace of the San Jose scale anywhere, nor any other 

 scale insect, except in one or two instances. The greedy scale (Aspidi- 

 otus < , i/<J<>nia j ?) was found once on a few twigs only, and an occasional 

 very slight infestation, represented by a few specimens only, of the 

 Diaspis pentagona, all bearing out the idea that the climate of this 

 region is not suitable to the ready multiplication of scale insects. 



Below Shanghai one gets into a subtropical climate, and the orange, 

 pomelo, and mandarin take the place of deciduous fruits. My ento- 

 mological explorations were continued very briefly at Hong Kong, in 

 south China, where in the markets I found the haw apple and crab 

 apple from north China, and with considerable thoroughness in the 

 British Straits settlements about Singapore and in Java, and later in 

 Ceylon and the various points touched en route home. The San Jose 

 scale story, however, ends with Shanghai. 



The question immediately suggests itself, why was not Japan early 

 infested with this insect from her near neighbor, China? This would 

 be expected as the natural and early result of the contiguity of the 

 two countries. The explanation is forthcoming when the history of 

 the political relationship of these two countries is investigated. China 

 and Japan have been sworn enemies and jealous rivals in all past 

 time, and commercial and friendly intercourse between the two coun- 

 tries has been practically wanting. Japan, it is true, has taken her 

 alphabet and much of her learning and civilization from China, and 

 600 vears after Christ her Buddhist religion also, which now divides 

 honors with the native shinto religion of the country. All this has 

 come to Japan, not from China direct but through Korea. Japan 

 conquered Korea very early in the present era, 200 A. D., in the reign 

 of the famous Empress Jingo, and has ever since claimed and exer- 

 cised a greater or less sovereignty over this country. Reference to the 



