THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER. 99 



In the orchard the first pupae were observed on June 1 and the maxi- 

 mum period of pupation was reached from about June 12 to June 20. 

 Pupre could, however , be found in the field as late as July 10. 



Just before the emergence of the adult the pupa wriggles out of its 

 loosely woven cocoon (PL XII, fig. 4; PL XVI, fig. 2, at right) for a 

 short distance. The posterior end of the pupa is provided with three 

 pairs of hooks, which are known as the cremaster, and these hooks 

 become fastened to silken threads that have been spun by the larva 

 on the leaf, so that the pupa is held securely, even if the greater 

 part of the body is extended. While the writer was examining rear- 

 ing cages on July 3 (8 a. m.), a pupa was noticed wriggling out of its 

 pupation quarters. 



The following observations were made: 



8.20 a. m. The pupal skin or shell •was cracked in the anterior region. 



8.25 a. m. Moth about half out. 



8.30 a. m. Moth left the pupal shell, the body being still wet and the wings quite 



wrinkled. 

 8.35 a. in. Body dry and wings straightened out and folded over back. 

 8.43 a. m. Wings have separated and are held roof -like over the back. 

 8.55 a. rn. Moth crawling about in glass jar quite actively. 

 8.58 a. m. Observations ceased; moth was fluttering about the cage. 

 Total time consumed in emergence, approximately 10 minutes. 



It will be noted that the time required for this moth to emerge 

 after the breaking of the pupal skin was about 10 minutes, and in- 

 side of five minutes after emergence its body and wings were dry. 

 but the moth did not become active until about 20 minutes had 

 elapsed. 



THE ADULT AND EGG STAGES. 



From material under observation the first moth emerged on June 



7 and the latest ones appeared on June 24. The maximum emer- 

 gence of moths was on June 14 and 15. In the field the period 

 during which the greatest number of moths appeared was from about 

 June 22 to July 1. The first moth was noticed in the orchard on 

 June 9, and by July 20 practically all moths had disappeared. From 

 about June 25 to July 10 most egg masses were being deposited on 

 the trees. The following egg-laying records were obtained in rearing 

 cages, and these have a direct bearing on the length of life of the 

 moths. 



On June 21 at 8 a. m. a male and female that had emerged during 

 the previous night were placed in a jar in which was put a small twig, 

 so that there would be a suitable place for oviposition. The cage 

 was examined on June 22 and both moths were quite active. On 

 June 23 at 5 p. m. the male moth was found dead in the bottom of 

 the jar, but the female was actively crawling about in the cage. At 



8 a. m. the next day (June 24) a medium-sized egg mass was deposited 

 on the twig. The moths were not observed copulating. The eggs 



