THE CODLING MOTH IN THE OZARKS. 9 



pupal stages lasted a month, but the later individuals to transform 

 spent only 2 weeks as pupae; so that the time of emergence of the 

 spring moths was shortened by 15 days. Again, the first eggs 

 required 20 days to hatch, and the last only 5, a shortening by another 

 15 days of the period during which the first brood of larvae entered 

 the fruit. 



In 1907 the first larva was found in the orchard May 18, newly 

 hatched, and in the act of entering the calyx. This was 6 weeks 

 after the petals had fallen from the apple trees. Several wormy 

 apples were found May 23, and they soon became abundant. On 

 June 17 to 20, observations by Mr. Dudley Moulton at Bentonville, 

 Ark., and by the writer at Siloam Springs indicated that the first 

 brood had nearly all entered. Over 500 wormy apples were collected 

 in orchards at the two places, but no larvae just entering were found, 

 the smallest larvae having burrowed to the core. 



Maturing of larvse. — In 1908 the first cocoon was found under a 

 band May 27, and contained a newly transformed pupa (soft and 

 white) , indicating that the larva had left the fruit not later than May 

 24. Two full-grown larvae left picked fruit May 26, the fruit having 

 been collected in the orchard that day. The band record from 18 

 trees (page 24) indicates that the last of the first brood of larvae 

 went into cocoons about July 15, or 52 days after the first larva left 

 the fruit. This gives an increase of about a week over the time be- 

 tween the first and last entering larvae of this brood. 



In 1907 the first mature larvae left picked fruit June 12. On June 

 17 many larvae and some pupae were taken from bands, the last pre- 

 vious examination of the bands being on June 10. In 1906 larvae 

 had begun to spin cocoons by June 5, as indicated by a sending of 

 wormy fruit from Bentonville, Ark., by Mr. W. M. Scott to Mr. Moul- 

 ton. Several larvae had spun up en route. 



Period in fruit. — Several of the earlier larvae of the first brood 

 hatched and were placed on bagged fruit May 4. Six larvae reached 

 maturity, leaving the fruit May 26-29, after an average life in the 

 apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. 

 A greater range would probably occur in the field between larvae 

 in exposed fruit and those in the shaded interior of the trees. 



Larval life in cocoon. — Forty-three larvae which became full grown 

 before July 10 showed an average interval of 7.2 days between leav- 

 ing the fruit and pupation when kept in vials out of doors. The 

 shortest interval was 3 days and the longest 19. The normal time 

 in the orchard is probably nearer the minimum here shown, as in 

 the glass vials many larvae seemed to spend an unusually long time 

 trying to build a suitable cocoon. Individual records on this stage 

 are given in Table VIII. 



