30 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 



way out. When examined three hours later, nothing was left of the 

 larva but the head and shriveled skin. This mite was later found to 

 be fairly common on other trees as weU as apple. 



Two species of ants, Solenopsis validiusculus Emery and Gremasto- 

 gaster hicolor Buckley as determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, were 

 frequently found attacking live larvae under bands. 



An ichneumon, determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford as the commonly 

 recorded parasite of the codling moth, Pimpla annulipes Brulle, 

 was frequently reared from band-collected material. From one lot of 

 larvae taken from the bands, Mr. S. W. Foster reared 11 specimens of 

 an undetermined chalcidid, possibly a secondary parasite. 



Two specimens of a small tachina fly, Tachinophyto sp.? (deter- 

 mined by Mr. C. H. T. Townsend), were reared in 1907. One indi- 

 vidual issued from a larva which was brought into the laboratory 

 while still in the apple, though nearly full grown. 



PERCENTAGE OF FRUIT INFESTED. 



In 1908 the apple crop was so small that the growers did not con- 

 sider it worth protecting by spraying. On account of the small crop 

 and the lack of preventive measures, practically every apple was 

 wormy and the fruit fell from the trees before a large number of the 

 later larvae had a chance to enter. In 1907, counts from 8 unsprayed 

 trees (4 Ben Davis and 4 Winesap) showed a percentage of wormy 

 fruit varying from 48.1 to 64.1, the average on the Winesaps being 

 50.7 and on the Ben Davis 60.4. A total of 20,890 apples were exam- 

 ined from the 8 trees, including all windfalls throughout the season. 

 Apples infested with codling moth, Enarmonia prunivora Walsh, and 

 Epinotia pyricolana Murtfeldt were classed together as " wormy" 

 fruit. Curculio injury was disregarded. 



So small a percentage of infestation seems rather remarkable in a 

 locality such as this, where at least a majority of the insects pass 

 through three generations, while in other fruit-growing districts with 

 a shorter season an unprotected apple crop is completely destroyed 

 by the codling moth. Perhaps the third generation may be a dis- 

 advantage in the increase of the insect, as a considerable proportion 

 of this brood, being yet in the fruit when the crop is harvested, is 

 removed from the orchard (see 1907 band record, p. 23). And it 

 must be that many of the later larvae to hatch would even fail to 

 find any fruit to enter, as the apple harvest usually begins early in 

 September. 



