110 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 



INSECT ENEMIES. 



The feeding habits of codling-moth larvae within the fruit offer 

 the insect considerable protection against both predaceous and para- 

 sitic enemies. At the time of maturity, however, when the larvae 

 leave the fruit and seek suitable places for transformation or hiber- 

 nation, they are for a short time exposed and are sometimes attacked 

 by various insect enemies. A small black beetle (Tenebrioides cor- 

 ticalis Melsh.) and its very lender larva were found during August 

 to late October, 1909, under the burlap bands on apple trees. Dead 

 and partly devoured codling-moth larvae were frequently found 

 attacked by both beetles and larvae of this species. Another black 

 beetle, Dromius piceus Dej., was also found quite frequently. Platy- 

 nu$ obsoletus Say was taken on several occasions, and a few specimens 

 of the larger ground beetle (Galerita janus Fab.) were also collected 

 under the bands. 



The following beetles were collected from banded trees, but without 

 any observation as to their attacks upon larvae of the codling moth: 

 Melanotics fissilis Say, Cryptarcha ampla Er., Mycetochares fraterna 

 Say, Tenebrio tenebrioides Beauv., and Hymenorus sp. These and 

 previously named beetles were determined by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz 

 and H. S. Barber, of the Bureau of Entomology. 



The following species of ants, determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, 

 were found to attack the larvae of the codling moth under the bands : 

 Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Dej.) Mayr., Formica subsencea Say, 

 Cremastog aster lineolata Say, and Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. 



A centipede, Geophilus ruhens Say, determined by Mr. R. V. Cham- 

 berlin, of Provo, Utah, was taken several times beneath the bands, 

 in the act of feeding on larvae of the codling moth. 



A hymenopterous parasite (Ascogaster carpocapsse Vier.), as deter- 

 mined by Mr. H. L. Yiereck, of the Bureau of Entomology, issued in 

 the cages from band material of the two broods of the codling moth, 

 and proved to be quite common. 



SUMMARY. 



In northwestern Pennsylvania the codling moth produces in the 

 course of a }~ear one full generation and a partial second generation. 



The life-cycle of the insect may be briefly summarized as follows: 

 In the spring the overwintering larva pupates in early June, and 

 three weeks later- the moth emerges. The emergence extends over 

 a period of about 1 month, beginning about the middle of June. 

 Oviposition generally takes place 3 or 4 days after the emergence 

 of the moth, and the egg hatches in 1 week. Eggs showing a 

 red ring are about 3 days old, while those with a black spot in the cen- 

 ter will mostly hatch in 1 or 2 days. Shortly after hatching the 

 young larva enters the fruit and feeds about 26 days. On reaching 



