EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 149 



oil soap in 12 gallons of hot water and pouring the mixture into the 

 spray tank with 20 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baume 1 ) . The 

 mixture was then thoroughly agitated and run through the nozzles 

 into a barrel at about 150 to 180 pounds pressure, giving a thick, 

 creamy emulsion of about 55 per cent strength of oil. A powerful 

 agitation, such as obtained by driving the liquid through nozzles 

 or the relief valve at a high pressure, seems to be the most important 

 factor in obtaining a stable emulsion. The formula used for the 

 stock emulsion was: 



Hot water gallons. . 12 



Fish-oil soap pounds. . 30 



Distillate oil (28° Baume) gallons. . 20 



The fish-oil soap was made as follows : 



Water gallons. . 6 



Lye pounds. . 2 



Fish oil gallons. . 1£ 



The soap ingredients were boiled for about two hours and gave 

 about 40 pounds of soap. 



The 6 per cent distillate emulsion was made by taking about 5 \ 

 gallons of the concentrated emulsion and 44^ gallons of water. 

 One pound of caustic soda was used to soften the water. 



Plat 2, 5 per cent distillate-oil emulsion and caustic soda. — This was 

 prepared by using 4| gallons of the concentrated or stock emulsion, 5 

 pounds of caustic soda, and 45^ gallons of water to make 50 gallons of 

 spray. 



Plat 3, 6 per cent distillate-oil mechanical emulsion. — Made by using 3 

 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baume), 1 pound of caustic soda, and 47 

 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of the liquid. This was agitated 

 violently for about five minutes before being applied. 



Plat 4, caustic soda. — Six pounds of caustic soda were used to 50 

 gallons of water. 



Plat 5, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion. — The formula used for this 

 emulsion was — 



Fish-oil soap pounds. 



Lye : do... 



Crude oil gallons. 



Water do. . . 



5 

 1 

 6 



43 



This formula makes 50 gallons of liquid. The soap was dissolved 

 in about 10 gallons of hot water; the soap water was then poured into 

 the tank and the rest of the 43 gallons added; then the 1 pound of 

 lye was added and the crude oil poured in slowly while the mixture 

 was being agitated. More water should never he added after the oil 

 has been poured in. The crude oil used was pure "Coalinga special" 

 crude petroleum 16° to 22° Baume, with an asphalt base. 



