EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 151 



RESULTS. 



It will be seen from Table I that nearly all of the washes showed 

 lower percentages of dead scales at the time of the second examina- 

 tion than at the first, third, fourth, and fifth examinations. The 

 first five washes gave excellent results in the percentage of scales 

 killed, and cleaned the trees from lichens. 



Lime-sulphur wash and borax gave apparently excellent results 

 upon the first examination, but later examinations proved these 

 washes to be of little value, and the trees at the end of the season 

 appeared little better than the unsprayed trees. 



The fruit (12 tons) from the 8 sprayed blocks was free from the 

 smut fungus, while that from the unsprayed trees was quite black in 

 appearance. Caustic soda, borax, lime-sulphur, and the resin wash 

 were all caustic and immediate in their action on the insects. The 

 distillate sprays were prompt in their action, but not so much so as the 

 former. The crude-petroleum sprays gave more of a smothering 

 effect, and were slower, their action extending over a long period. 



None of the washes injured the trees seriously, but the caustic 

 soda, resin, lime-sulphur, and borax sprays blackened the buds and 

 hardened the bark to some extent. 



The distillate and crude-oil sprays did not injure the buds or the 

 bark of the trees in the least, although some of the buds were very 

 far advanced at the time of application. 



It was noted during the summer that the distillate and crude-oil 

 emulsions seemed to possess fungicidal properties. On sprayed 

 apricots and prunes, the foliage was dark and healthy and of much 

 better color than on the unsprayed blocks. 



TEE EUROPEAN PEAR SCALE. 



(Epidiaspis pyricola Del Guer.) 

 APPEARANCE OF INSECT AND EXTENT OF INJURY. a 



The European fruit scale, or, as it is commonly known in California, 

 the Italian pear scale, closely resembles to the naked eye the San 

 Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), but can be readily dis- 

 tinguished from this species by the form of the male scale which is a 

 great deal longer and carinated. (See PI. XII, fig. 2.) 



Furthermore, they can be separated by the manner of working. 

 The European pear scale, in California, so far as the writer has observed, 



a Comparatively little has been written in an economic way concerning this insect, 

 either in this country or in Europe. The writer has been unable to find an account 

 of its life history; probably because it has never proved so serious as some of the 

 other scales injurious to fruit trees. Attention, however, is called to an article on 

 the synonymy of the species by C. L. Marlatt in Entomological News, November, 

 1900, p. 590. 



30490°— Bull. 80—12 11 



