16 CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS. 



the anterior face and a few on the posterior; trochanter not quite three-fourths as long 

 as coxa on its outer margin; inner margin about one-half as long as outer, distal 

 extremity the largest; femur very slightly clavate, its longest side three-fourths as 

 long as the coxa; distal extremity not quite as large as the distal extremity of the coxa; 

 tibia two-thirds as long and two-thirds as large as femur, very slightly clavate; tarsus 

 bearing one large claw. A whorl of spines at distal end of tibia; femur and half the 

 length of trochanter with a double row of spines on ventral surface; one very long, 

 slender spine on the trochanter, at apex on ventral surface. 



Abdominal segments without chitinized plates, increasing in size (in full-grown 

 larvae) from base outward until reaching segment 4 and then gradually decreasing; a 

 pair of spiracles on the anterior lateral aspect of each of the first 8 abdominal segments, 

 so placed as to be visible from above; they are circular and much smaller than the 

 thoracic spiracles; a large seta on the lateral aspect of each abdominal segment. The 

 9th segment bears the anal tube and the cerci. 



Cerci slightly shorter than the longest abdominal segment, coriaceous, not motile; 

 seen from above they are broad and slightly convex; beneath concave, tapering gradu- 

 ally toward their distal extremity; the two give the appearance of the letter "U"; 

 the 8 large setae symmetrically arranged with reference to the corresponding setae on 

 the other cercus; a row of small setae on the inner margin of each cercus, the setae 

 arranged symmetrically with each other; the other portion of the cerci is densely cov- 

 ered with setae. 



Anal tube apparently as long as the cerci; from lateral aspect appearing cylindrical, 

 apparently depressed dorsally, curving slightly downward at the tip; ventral margin 

 of tip irregular in outline and slightly notched; from dorsal and ventral views the tube 

 has the appearance of a truncated cone; ventrally there are numerous large setae and 

 a dense covering of small setae; dorsal surface sparsely covered with setae. 



The larvae are veritable little cannibals, for besides devouring the 

 larvae and pupae of other insects they will, in confinement, destroy 

 each other. They are very difficult to rear, and in no case could they 

 be carried further than one or two molts. Hence, the length of the 

 larval stage and the period between instars could not be ascertained. 

 In confinement they feed readily upon small larvae and the pupae of 

 other ground-beetles. It is almost impossible to make accurate field 

 observations on them, as they are found at a depth of from a few 

 inches to about 2 feet, depending upon the amount of moisture in the 

 soil. Soon after a rain they will be found within a few inches of the 

 surface, while during a dry period they go quite deep, apparently 

 seeking moisture. 



the pupa (fig. 9, c). 



A detailed description of the pupa is given below: 



From the lateral aspect: Oblong, increasing in thickness gradually toward the ante- 

 rior extremity; prothorax depressed; antennae directed dorsally, then ventrally, 

 around the femora of the first two pairs of legs, the distal half resting between the 

 elytra and the femora and tibiae of the middle pair of legs. Front femora resting near 

 the eye. Elytra and wings long and narrow and folded over the posterior pair of legs, 

 the tarsi of which reach to the posterior margin of the sixth abdominal segment. 



Ventral aspect: Head directed downward between the first two pairs of legs, not 

 quite one-third length of entire pupa; mandibles closed but not overlapping; from 

 the base of the mandibles to the tip about one-third as large as the portion of the head 

 above them; labrum broad and short, and extending halfway down the mandibles; 



