120 PAPERS ON CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS. 



forms such as Limnophila luteipennis O. S., Helobia punctipennis 

 Meig., Erioptera graphica O. S. (C. A. Hart, 1895), and Tipula ab- 

 dominalis Say, through the semiaquatic forms, of which Holorusia 

 rubiginosa Loew (V. L. Kellogg, 1901) is an example, to the distinctly 

 terrestrial forms among which are several species of Tipula and most 

 of the species of Pachyrhina, so far as the latter have been studied. 

 In seasonal development they range from Tipula virgo O. S., 

 T. eluta Loew, Pachyrhina ferruginea Fab. and P. macrocera 

 Say, which are flying about in March and April; through 

 Tipula spernax O. S. and T. angustipennis Loew, which appear in 

 May; most of the species of Pachyrhina, so far as studied, Tipula 

 fuliginosa Say, T. trivittata Say, T. tephrocephala Loew, T. bicornis 

 Loew, and T. graphica Doane, abroad in early June; Tipula grata 

 Loew, T. angulata Loew, and T. tricolor Fab., in July; Pachyrhina 

 sodalis Loew, a probable second brood of P. ferruginea Fab., Tipula 

 hebes Loew, T- abdominalis Say, T. costalis Say, T. macrolabis Loew, 

 T. valida Loew, and the second brood of T. bicornis Loew, in August 

 and September; and last to Tipula flavicans Fab. and T. infuscata 

 Loew, which appear in October. 



Among the observations on these insects in relation to agriculture 

 in the United States might be mentioned an article by Dr. T. W. 

 Harris (1854), in which he records receiving a bottle of tipulid larvae 

 with a letter stating that they were found alive in great numbers on 

 the snow in March. Dr. C. V. Riley (1867) briefly mentions them as 

 of economic importance. Dr. B. D. Walsh (1869) refers to a letter 

 from a farmer at Mexico, Mo., who complains of these larvae in his gar- 

 den and who notes that they stand freezing with impunity. Doctor 

 Riley (1870) published a letter from a correspondent at Meadville, 

 Pa., in which he records finding these larvae in great numbers under 

 mulch hay. Dr. S. A. Forbes (1888) reports a very general and seri- 

 ous outbreak of tipulids {Tipula bicornis Loew) in grass and clover 

 meadows throughout southern and central Illinois, many pastures 

 and hayfields being almost completely ruined. He also published a 

 letter from Doctor Riley (1888) in which the latter reports a very 

 similar outbreak in California in 1874. In an unsigned article in the 

 Pacific Rural Press for March 29, 1889, record is made of an out- 

 break in Healdsburg, Cal., specimens having been received at the 

 state agricultural experiment station with the note that they were 

 completely stripping the wheat fields. Prof. F. M. Webster (1892) 

 records a bad outbreak of tipulids (Tipula bicornis) in Anderson, 

 Ind., in 1888, the larvae attacking clover. He also records an attack 

 of Pachyrhina sp. on young wheat near Farmersburg, Ind. 



On April 2, 1908, a number of tipulid larvae were received at this 

 office from Mount Vernon, Ind., with the note that they were very 

 numerous in hay meadows in that locality. Mr. R. W. Doane, in a 



