20 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
2 to 5 inches below the surface of the ground and may be readily 
destroyed by thorough plowing and cultivation during the summer 
and fall. 
DEMONSTRATION WORK IN CANKER-WORM CONTROL. 
For several years the spring canker-worm has been quite trouble- 
some in a few old orchards in northern Virginia and very little head- 
way had been made by the owners of the orchards in its control. In 
the spring of 1905 Dr. John S. Lupton, of Winchester, Va., desired 
the assistance of the Bureau of Entomology in freeing from this pest 
his large orchard of 30-year-old Newton pippin trees, which had been 
defoliated to a greater or less extent for three or four seasons. The 
orchard had been in sod for years and no recent spraying had 
been done for the coding moth. Under these conditions the canker- 
worms had been able to multiply with practically no interfer- 
ence and had become exceedingly abundant, 50 per cent of the trees 
being practically defoliated and the others more or less so. A plan 
of treatment was submitted to Doctor Lupton, which was carried out 
by him under the writer’s supervision. This treatment consisted in 
a thorough spraying of the orchard with Paris green at the rate of 
1 pound to 75 gallons of water (plenty of lime being added to lessen 
danger of injury to the foliage), the thorough plowing of the orchard 
during the early summer, and its subsequent cultivation during that 
season. Only one application of poison was made, and not until ~ 
much later than was desirable, the larve being already from one-half — 
to three-fourths grown, many trees having been practically defoliated. — 
Nevertheless, the treatment checked further defoliation and within two 
to three days the larve had largely disappeared. That the majority 
were poisoned was evident, since upon later examinations pup were — 
exceedingly scarce, even under trees from which the leaves had been 
i almost stripped. During early August the orchard was thoroughly 
plowed, special: pains being taken to break up the soil under the 
ih trees. Late in the fall the worst infested portion of the orchard was | 
iF again plowed, and at right angles to the direction followed in the 
iit first plowing. The rest was plowed early the following spring, the 
HII whole being prepared for corn, which later was planted, receiving 
necessary cultivation during 1906. As was quite evident in the spring — 
| of 1906, the thorough spraying with Paris green and plowing of the 
i orchard had destroyed the great majority of the insects. In the early 
Hi spring of 1906 bands of a sticky preparation placed around the — 
iH trunks of trees which had been practically defoliated in 1905 caught — 
\ - not more than two dozen specimens of adults in all, and larvee were — 
very difficult to find later. That the absence of the insects in this 
Mi orchard is to be attributed solely to the spraying and plowing and — 
| not to unfavorable weather conditions or the influence of parasitic 
