72 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture, and because of the strength 
at which it may be used without injury to foliage and its excellent 
sticking qualities it is to be preferred to other arsenicals for canker- 
worms. At least two applications of the poisoned spray should be 
made; the first as the fruit buds are exposed, or just as the foliage is 
pushing out, but before the blossoms open, and the second in eight to 
ten days, or at once after the blossoms have fallen. In bearing 
orchards the second treatment is the principal one for the codling 
moth, and if the poison be used in Bordeaux mixture the two applica- 
tions of this combined insecticide and fungicide will largely protect 
the trees and fruit from canker-worms, the codling moth, and other 
leaf-feeding insects, and will lessen apple scab. 
While it may often appear impracticable to spray some oreharee on 
account of the height of the trees, most orchards may be plowed and 
cultivated, and this work should certainly form a part of the plan of 
canker-worm eradication. 
Another important method of protecting high orchard and other 
trees which it is impracticable to spray is the employment of special 
protectors, such as bands of cotton, or sticky substances. These are 
placed around the trunk of the tree near the base, and are used to pre- 
vent the ascent of the wingless females to deposit their eggs, or the 
ascent of any larve from eggs deposited below the bands or which 
have fallen from the trees. Sticky substances, such as printer’s ink, - 
tar, bird lime, and certain proprietary preparations, are best. On 
account of the danger of injury to the trees, these are best applied on 
strips of paper 5 or 6 inches wide and of sufficient length to go around 
the tree. The loose bark should first be scraped from the trunk where 
the band is to be applied, and if a light band of cotton batting be 
first fastened where the paper band is to be placed this. will effectu- 
ally prevent the insects working up beneath the sticky paper band. 
Cotton batting may also be used, the trunk being encircled with a 
strip 4 or 5 inches wide. This is tied with a string at the lower edge 
and the band then turned downward. This will be effective so long — 
as it remains fluffy, but usually requires renewal after heavy rains. 
Whatever form of protector is used must be applied quite early in the © 
spring, at least six or eight weeks before the apple buds are due to — 
burst, as the moths come out very early, sometimes even during © 
warm spells in the winter. 
The methods of control given above are equally applicable to thea % 
fall canker-worm, except that in the use of bands to prevent ie 
ascent of moths these must be applied in early fall, since the moths om” 
this species oviposit mostly during that season. 
