THE TRUMPET LEAF-MINER OF THE APPLE. 29 
at no time exposed. The act of leaving the egg is very deliberate, 
and may occupy ten or twelve hours before the body is completely 
out of the shell and into the mine. Feeding alternates with resting, 
the larva often working backwards out of the mine into the egg- 
shell, where it may rest for half an hour or more. The mines are 
at first but little wider than the width of the insect and are lined with 
silk from the start. Progress at first is slow, the larva proceeding 
about twice its length during the twenty-four hours following the 
breaking of the eggshell. After a few days, however, it feeds much 
- more vigorously and soon widens the mine in the course of its feeding. 
Of the larve which hatched the morning of August 8, 12 out of the 
15 under observation pupated during the night of August 25, this 
stage therefore lasting approximately eighteen days; and the moths 
from these pupez mostly emerged by the morning of September 2, 
one emerging the morning of August 30, making for the life cycle 
about thirty-three days. Moths kept in confinement without food 
lived for about two days. According to Chambers, the larve molt 
five times, and there are no marked differences either in color or 
structure between the larve at different stages of growth. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
The trumpet leaf-miner is evidently a native species, its original 
food plants probably being species of Crategus and wild Pyrus. It 
has been recorded from New York, Texas, Illinois, and Michigan. 
The material on. which Clemens based his description was probably 
from Pennsylvania, and the observations of Chambers made in Ken- 
tucky indicate its occurrence in that State. Records of this Bureau 
show it to occur in South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, Pennsy!]- 
vania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Massachusetts, Missouri, 
Arkansas, and Nebraska. and at Ottawa, Canada. 
PARASITES. 
This miner is freely parasitized. At Ithaca, Dr. Brunn bred from 
it Sympiesis lithocolletidis How. and Astichus tischerie How. The 
former species has been bred from this insect at Champaign, IIl., by 
Weed, and ELlasmus pullatus Howard is doubtfully recorded from 
this species from Missouri. At different times during the season of 
1905, at Washington, D. C., infested apple leaves were placed in jars, 
and the following species were secured, some of which probably are 
secondary parasites: Urogaster tischerie Ashm., Sympiesis nigro- 
femora Ashm., Horismenus popenoct Ashin., Closterocerus trifasciatus 
Westw., Hulophus n. sp., Zagrammosoma multilineata Ashm., and a 
variety of this species. A species near Phygadeuon was reared, and 
one near, if not identical with, C?rrospilus flavicinctus Riley. 
