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86 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
generation. Temperature conditions undoubtedly influence greatly 
the lengths of the various life periods. 
HABITS. 
Late in May or in the early part of June the over-wintering pupa 
makes a narrow slit in one end of the cocoon and exposes a small 
part of the anterior portion. The pupa case then splits and the 
moth emerges, the operation requiring from about 15 to 20 minutes. 
Sometimes the wings become their normal size in a short time, but 
in other cases 24 hours elapsed before the moth was perfect. The 
moths mate on the next day, or second day following. One pair un- 
der observation, having emerged on July 22, in the night, mated early 
July 23, and was observed in copulation from 7.30 until 11.30, a 
period of 4 hours. This was probably near the normal period, as the 
pair had not been out of the cocoon long. Oviposition usually fol- 
lows soon after. In the pair mentioned above, one cluster of 69 
eggs was deposited during the night of July 23. During oviposition, 
which took place early in the morning, or more often in the late after- 
noon or evening, the moth was observed to be on the underside of a 
leaf with the wings at right angles to the body. The abdomen was 
slightly bent, and the moth seemed to be depositing the eggs in rows. 
The period required for the oviposition of a cluster is several hours, 
depending upon the size of the cluster deposited. The flight of the 
moths appeared to be feeble, and they were sluggish, especially on 
cloudy days, the period of greatest activity being on clear days at 
midday. The length of life of the moth is from 2 to 5 days without 
food, although in the case of one pair under observation the male 
lived from 3 to 34 days and the female from 6 to 64 days. 
The eggs are deposited on the underside of the leaf. Upon 
hatching, the larve start feeding from a common center, moving 
backward, and in a short time are side by side in a soldierlike forma- 
tion, the feeding line usually being a curve. Although the larvee 
may feed for a short time upon the lower surface, they are more fre- 
quently found upon the upper, as this is better adapted to their style of 
feeding—namely, skeletonizing or removing the outer epidermal layer 
of the leaf. This manner of feeding is usually followed until the 
larvee reach the fifth instar, when some begin to eat holes through 
the leaf. From now on the larve gradually cease skeletonizing the 
leaf and eat the whole tissue, leaving only the larger veins. 
Preparatory to molting, the larve crawl to the underside of the 
leaf and molt in a group, with their heads in the center. After molt- 
ing they feed, moving backward, and gradually form a curved line. 
This was observed a number of times, although the larvee had been 
feeding before in different groups on the upper surface of different 
Jeaves, 
