21 



also a Monohammus larva, which was found mining in, and destructive 

 to, the wood of standing and felled trees. 



The red fir. — This common and hardy timber tree of the North- 

 west, is of especial value both for its lumber and fuel product. 

 While it is generally in a healthy condition, many dead and dying- 

 trees were found in all the sections visited, and in some places 

 sufficient evidence was found to show that it had dangerous ene- 

 mies in certain Buprestid and Ceramb}"cid bark borers, which are 

 capable of living in the healthy bark of growing trees. It has also a 

 special enemy in Dendroctonics similis, which is everywhere common 

 in the bark of dead and dying standing trees and in the dead and living 

 bark of logs and stumps of felled ones. The evidence found in the 

 dying trees on the military reservation at Port Williams indicates that 

 this bark beetle may, under favorable conditions, be the primary cause 

 of the death of the trees. Scolytus unispmosus is also a very common 

 enemy, infesting the bark on the main stem of small trees, and on the 

 branches of larger ones, which have been previously injured or felled. 

 A lepidopterous larva was found feeding on the foliage near Port 

 Angeles, and its common occurrence and habits of feeding indicate that 

 it might easily become quite destructive to the foliage. 



The Tideland spruce. — This is a magnificent tree, found in great 

 forests along the coast in Oregon and Washington. It is attacked by 

 several pernicious enemies, the principal of which is the undetermined 

 Geometrid, mentioned on another page, which has destroyed immense 

 quantities of timber and will doubtless be a menace to timber interests 

 here in the future. The undescribed Dendroctonus found in the bark 

 and trees of logs at Newport, Oreg., is a special enemy, as are also 

 Dryoccetes affaber, Hylurgops rugipennis, Xyloterus bivittatus, and 

 some other bark beetles- which were found mining in the partly living 

 bark or wood near Ahlers, Oreg. 



Red cedar. — This is a common tree throughout Oregon and Wash- 

 ington, and is of especial value for shingles, telegraph poles, and 

 lumber. Its principal enemies are one or more species of Phlceo- 

 sinus and the Cerambycid, Ccdlidiwn janthimcm, which infests the 

 living bark of recently felled trees and those injured by fire or other 

 causes. The heartwood of living trees is also seriously injured by 

 ants, which extend the damage started by Cerambycid heartwood 

 borers, and a fungous disease. Numerous dead trees were observed in 

 all sections of the forest, many of which had evidently died from 

 injuries by one or more of these enemies. 



The hemlock. — This is also a common hardy tree. It is attacked by 

 the same destructive bark borers as those mentioned under red fir as 

 well as by the Geometrid mentioned under Tideland spruce. In addi- 

 tion to these it has an undescribed Scolytid enemy which infests the 

 bark. Manv dead trees were found in the Cascade Keserve and both 



