EXAMPLES OF MOSQUITO EXTERMINATIVE MEASURES. 109 



quitoes soon practically disappeared, window screens were discarded, 

 and meals were served upon the verandas of the hotels. 



With the malarial and other inland mosquitoes the work was car- 

 ried on in the manner above described, not only in the built-up 

 portion of the island, but also in the open spaces between the small 

 and scattered settlements. During the past two years cases of 

 malaria on Staten Island have become practically unknown, and for 

 the past year Doctor Doty has been unable to secure any Anopheles, 

 whereas in the beginning of the investigation they were found almost 

 everywhere on the island. The statistics of the department of 

 health indicate the decrease of malaria from 1905 on. Prior to 1905 

 malaria was not regularly reported, but the number of cases was 

 surely very much greater than that reported in that year. Since 

 1905, however, they are stated to be as follows: 1905, 33 cases; 1906, 

 54 cases; 1907, 4 cases; 1908, 6 cases; 1909, 5 cases. 



The work of exterminating malarial mosquitoes has been neces- 

 sarily slow, as the area involved is considerable, the island being 

 about 16 miles long and from 4 to 6 miles wide, probably containing 

 over 80,000 inhabitants, with large areas between the various towns. 



The expense of the operations down to the present date has been 

 about $50,000; this of course includes the expense of the extensive 

 drainage operations in the salt marshes. Doctor Doty, in addition 

 to being the health officer of the port of New York, is a commissioner 

 of health of New York City, and he carried out this work in his 

 capacity as a municipal officer and not as a state official. 



There were some earlier and very much smaller pieces of work, 

 which have previously been described by the writer. 



Dr. W. N. Berkeley, in the Medical Record of January 26, 1901, 

 gave a most interesting account of a malarial outbreak in a small 

 town near New York City during the summer of 1900. Around a 

 large pond in the vicinity of the town four or five fresh cases had 

 recently developed in August. The first case was that of a coach- 

 man, who had caught malaria elsewhere and had relapsed. From 

 his quarters in a long row of stables on one side of the pond the 

 infection had passed along to other stablemen and servants on the 

 same side, to the distance of a quarter of a mile from the original 

 site, and a quarter of a mile in another direction across the pond 

 one other case appeared in a small child. Doctor Berkeley went 

 to the town and discovered that Anopheles quadrimaculatus was 

 fairly abundant in every bedroom in that area in which proper search 

 was made. The breeding places seemed to be segregated pools at 

 the end of the pond (the pond itself contained 6sh) and posl holes 

 and excavations. These last were numerous, as many buildings were 

 going up. The following practical measures were adopted: (1) Ex- 

 termination of all the Anopheles found in houses 1>\ a part\ o\ men 



