14 : THE SUGAR-CANE INSECTS OF HAWAII. 
$. Pallid yellowish testaceous. Abdomen above and beneath black, apical mar- 
gins and laterally more or less widely pallid. Apical half of first segment and carinate 
edges of second segment oi antenne, flagellum, basal half of frons (except the pustules) 
and a cloudy transverse band near the apical margin of the same, longitudinal stripes 
on femora, cox spotted or banded near the base, a large spot on each pleuron, anterior 
and intermediate tibize with two or three annulations, apical segment of tarsi, etc., 
blackish or brownish. First genital segment large, deeply acute-angularly emarginate 
above. 
2. Like the male, butabdomen aboveand beneath stramineous, irregularly speckled 
with brownish. Ovipositor, etc., blackish. Sheath not extending apically so far as 
the ‘“‘scheidenpolster.” Long. ¢ 944 mill.; to apex of elytra in long-winged form, 
64 mill. 
DISPERSION OF THE LEAFHOPPER. 
The spread of the insect over the cane districts of the Hawaiian 
Islands was apparently very rapid, although it had undoubtedly 
occurred in the fields unnoticed by the planters for several years. By 
February, 1903, the species became generally abundant throughout 
the cane fields of the entire Hawaiian Territory. 
The main factor in the distribution of the pest is the habit of the 
female of depositing her eggs beneath the epidermis of the internodes 
of the cane stalk. It seems probable that the pest was introduced 
into the islands and to a great extent distributed over the cane 
districts in seed cane. In local distribution other factors present 
themselves. The leafhopper is an insect readily attracted by light 
at night, as its presence about lamps in the factories and homes on 
the plantations testifies. Passengers and steamship officers of the 
interisland steamers have frequently stated to the writer on inquiry 
that in many instances, especially at night, great numbers of the 
insects have come aboard in certain ports or when offshore from 
certain plantation districts. These adults have undoubtedly traveled 
in this manner from one locality to another so that an uninfested dis- 
trict might easily have become infested by adults flying ashore from a 
passing steamer previously infested while stopping at or passing by - 
an infested locality. Railway trains have been equally active in the 
spread of the insect on land. 
Another mode of distribution, during the general outbreak of 1903, 
under conditions of heavy infestation, was the migration of the pest 
from one locality to another during the daytime. These migrations 
were observed by many of the planters. The manager of one planta- 
tion in the Hamakua district of the island of Hawaii stated to the 
writer that in the early evening of April 26, 1903, the atmosphere was 
‘thick with hoppers” for a distance of 2 miles and that the “‘hop- 
pers” were traveling with the prevailing wind, about southwest. 
Similar migrations, described by the observers as “‘clouds,’ were 
mentioned by other managers. 
