10 FORAGE CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS. 
their roughage, were feeding. This, together with the work done 
from the wagon and an occasional stop of a day or a week in certain 
important localities, enabled us to gain the desired information and at 
the same time to cover a large amount of territory. Our plans, of 
course, had to be modified very materially when crossing some of the 
deserts in July and August on account of the scarcity of water. Here 
it was necessary to drive from one watering place to another in the 
shortest time possible. 
Traveling a large part of the time over unfrequented roads, with 
the exception of about 200 miles in range country, it was possible to 
do a great deal of work from the wagon, making frequent stops as 
occasion seemed to demand. This was especially true of our trip 
through the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Warner Mountains of 
California, where we were without any well-defined roads for a good 
part of the way. 
ITINERARY. 
After spending two days at Prosser, Wash., and taking a short trip 
into the ** Horse Heaven” country, we started northward (Pl. JD, 
having as our destination the Okanogan region, in the northern part of 
the State. This we reached by way of North Yakima, Ellensburg, 
Wenatchee, Chelan, Conconully, and Loomis. On this portion of the 
trip we were on the west side of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers, 
in a region the greater part of which may be said to represent the 
dividing line between the summer and the winter grazing grounds. 
Frequent stops were made along this route, the longer ones in the Kit- 
titas Valley, near Ellensburg, and at Wenatchee and Loomis. From 
Chelan a four days’ trip was taken to Stehekin, and from Wenatchee a 
similar one into the Big Bend country at Trinidad. The northern 
limit of the trip was at a point on the Okanogan River about 8 miles 
from the British border. 
On the return trip most of our time for the entire distance to Con- 
den’s Ferry was spent on the Colville Indian Reservation. From 
Conden’s Ferry, on the Columbia River, we crossed over the High 
Plateau of the Big Bend to Steamboat Rock in the Grand Coulee, 
which we followed as far as Coulee City; thence southward to the west 
side of Moses Lake, and thence eastward to Ritzville, in the center of 
the well-developed wheat region. From Ritzville we went southward 
along Cow Creek, crossing Snake River at the mouth of the Palouse, 
and thence via Prescott to Walla Walla. 
On July 5 we started southward via Pendleton into the Blue Moun- 
tains of Oregon. Here we traversed the forks of the John Day River, 
passing en route through Camas Prairie, Long Creek, Fox Valley, 
John Day, Canyon City, Izee, Bear Valley, and Silvies Valley, and 
reaching Burns on July 17. From Burns our route passed between 
