16 



MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 



GRAFTS LEFT UNWRAPPED. 



The grafts left without wrapping of any kind were made with special 

 care, so that when the roots and scions were joined they remained 

 hrmty united. 



RESULTS OF WRAPPING. 



After digging the grafts, a careful examination of the various series 

 was made to determine the effect of the wrapping on the union and on 

 the presence or absence of crown-gall formation. 



The following table shows them umber of apple trees dug, the char- 

 acter of the wrapping,, and the number and percentage of smooth trees 

 and rough trees, the latter class including all trees which were found 

 to have crown-gall, irregular callus, or hairy-root formations: 



Table 1. — Comparison of smooth trees and rough trees resulting when different methods 



of grafting were used. 



Kind of wrapping. 



Total 

 number. 



Smooth trees. 



Number. Percent. 



Rough trees. 



Number. Percent, 



Rubber 



Cloth 



Waxed paper 



Plain thread 



Waxed thread 



Plain thread with union waxed 

 Unwrapped 



675 

 709 

 671 

 645 

 675 

 402 

 569 



584 

 604 

 474 

 442 

 430 

 178 

 312 



86.5 

 85.1 

 70.6 

 68.5 

 63.7 

 44.2 

 54.8 



91 

 105 

 197 

 203 

 245 

 224 

 257 



13.5 

 14.9 

 29.4 

 31.5 

 86.3 

 55.8 

 45.2 



Two series of facts may be deduced from this table — 



(1) The effect of the various kinds of wrapping on the smoothness 

 of the union. 



(2) The effect of wrapping on the presence or absence of crown-gall 

 formations. 



EFFECT UPON THE UNION. 



Some brief notes on the effect of the wrapping on the union follow. 

 By a smooth graft is meant one which shows no uneven or irregular 

 masses of callus. In the smooth grafts all parts are firmly united, so 

 that no ridge or roughness is felt when the union is rubbed with the 

 fingers. The grafts were graded with the greatest care. 



Cloth.— IVhQw the grafts were planted in the spring the cloth was 

 usually intact. When dug in the autumn it had almost entirely rotted 

 away on all grafts. The union which resulted under the cloth was 

 generally smooth and ver}^ even. In man}" cases it was difficult to 

 detect the original position of the scion and root parts. The cloth had 

 evidently remained in position long enough to thoroughly confine the 

 callus to the spaces between the wounded surfaces. 



Ruhber. — When the grafts were planted the rubber wrapping was 

 wholly intact. When dug the rubber was still found around the union 



100—11 



