37 



made the present summer in the Hudson River valley. The alter- 

 ation, however, is not in the direction of the statement made by 

 Dr. Lintner, but in the opposite direction. These observations were 

 greatly facilitated by the condition of affairs which exists in the city 

 of Kingston, Ulster County, N. Y. There the plan has been to plant 

 trees of different varieties in an alternating manner. Instead of a 

 solid row of elms, there will be a row of elms alternating with sugar 

 maple. The trees being planted rather closely and the elms growing 

 to much greater height and frequently reaching over the maples, 

 afforded an opportunity for testing this matter which does not usually 

 exist along streets in cities. My attention was first directed to the 

 extraordinary numbers in which the insects were transforming high 

 up on the trunk. The trees were mainly old, the bark being rougher 

 than common, and a close green moss had grown over large sections 

 of the trunk. Embedded in this green moss and in the crevices in the 

 bark were thousands upon thousands of the yellow pupie. These 

 observations were made July 10. Climbing upon a tall fence and 

 examining the crotches of one of the largest of these trees, the pupae 

 were found in such numbers that they could have been scraped up by 

 the handful. Examination of the surface of the ground at the base of 

 the tree showed perhaps one-fifth as many pupae as were to be found 

 upon the trunk of the tree high up and in the main crotches. This, in 

 itself, would indicate the almost total futility of any wash applied to 

 the lower part of the trunk and upon the ground about the base of the 

 tree. Further observations of equal interest and which make the case 

 still stronger were soon made. The writer's attention was attracted to 

 the yellow pupae of the elm leaf-beetle in the crevices in the bark of a 

 maple tree standing between two elms. He ascertained without doubt 

 that it belonged to this species, and upon search found many others. 

 The branches of the elms overhung the maple, and the inference was 

 plain that the larvae dropped from the terminal branches of the elms, 

 descended the maples, and transformed at the first convenient point. 

 Many such cases were observed. The most interesting case, however, 

 was still to come. Upon the grounds of one of the wealthy citizens on 

 one of the principal avenues, a low-growing horse-chestnut tree, per- 

 haps 25 years old, with the usual shaggy bark, was noticed. At almost 

 equal distances from this horse-chestnut stood three large old elms, 

 each about 30 feet from the chestnut. The terminal branches of each 

 of these elms interlaced and overhung the top of the horse chestnut 

 tree at a distance of perhaps 20 feet above its tip. An examination of 

 the trunk of this horse-chestnut showed the pupae of the elm leaf-beetle 

 by thousands and thousands, under the loose bark which afforded par- 

 ticularly appropriate places for pupation. Few, if any, had readied 

 the ground. The trunk of each of the elms in question was examined 

 and the ground around the base of each as well, with the result that 

 upon the trunk of the horse-chestnut tree were more than twice as 



