56 
insect, or one very closely allied to it, feeding upon a number of 
species of vetches in Washington this year. From a long series of 
experiments here in the laboratory we have shown that there are two 
kinds of females known at present, the winged and wingless forms. 
No male has as yet been discovered, and perhaps in the South nene 
exists, and the insect remains over winter in the adult stage, as stated 
above, upon some plant, and in most instances this is clover. The 
female produces living young which reach maturity in from ten to 
fifteen days, and possibly less time in hot weather. As an example.a 
young one born March 4 reached maturity (winged form) March 16, 
or twelve days from time of birth, and was producing living young on 
March 19. From March 19 to April 17 it became the mother of 111 
young, and died on the latter date. Her first young (wingless form), 
born March 19, reached maturity and was producing on March 31, or 
eleven days from time of birth. From March 31 to April 13 she gave 
birth to 120 young and died. We have made many other observations 
of a similar character, but this will suffice to show the rapid repro- 
ductive powers of this insect, and we might state that in many instances 
where this insect was first observed May 1, three weeks later the fields 
were abandoned on account of its attacks. Calculating from the 
average number of insects produced per day (which is 6) in six weeks 
one would become the progenitor of 423,912. 
It was estimated last year that the total loss from the attacks of this 
creature along the Atlantic coast States was $3,000,000, and that the 
crop was estimated at only one-half the usual output. From close 
communion with the largest growers, the most experienced seedsmen, 
and most extensive business men in this line of business, The Trade, 
a canned-goods journal published in Baltimore, has gathered the infor- 
mation that the crop of peas of the Atlantic coast this year will not 
exceed, on the outside, one-third of what it was last year. This is 
about as serious as it can be. when it is taken into account that it is 
mostly due to this one pest, and that it is certain to increase its 
destructive powers from year to year, unless some factor in nature 
intervenes to check and retard its further development. With this con- 
dition of affairs it is not strange that farmers have become thoroughly 
discouraged, and make the statement that they will be more cautious 
about planting peas for market purposes or for the packer in the 
future. With this year’s experience, however, we have shown con- 
clusively in our experiments and practical work in the field that this 
insect can be kept in control to a very great extent if taken in hand in 
time. In the first place, the peas must be planted in rows 24 or 30 
inches apart, as shown in the illustration (Pl. I, fig. 1), and not broad- 
cast or in drills, as has been the case over a wide area throughout 
many of the Southern States. As an illustration of this we might cite 
an instance on the place of Mr. C. H. Pearson, a large packer of Balti- 
