in 1872, that "At all events this insect is invariably double-brooded 

 in the latitude of St. Louis," and expressed his doubts of its being 

 single-brooded in New England. The year following Le Baron, ^ in 

 speaking of the codling moth, says, "It is universally double brooded 

 at the West; at least, in all parts of the State of Illinois and farther 

 south." In recent years we have had the number of broods estimated 

 by different entomologists, in various parts of our country, all the way 

 from one to four, with variations in the form of "partial broods" 

 thrown in. In fact it has almost become the custom to announce that 

 in one's locality the codling moth is one-brooded with a partial second, 

 or two-brooded with a partial third, and even three-brooded with a 

 partial fourth. So far as my experience has gone, the insects with 

 which I have had to deal have been very uniform in the number of 

 life cycles through which a species passes during a year, and I recall 

 no instance in my experience where an insect normallj^ possessed an 

 annual or otherwise regular fractional brood, and I am unable to find 

 any published data giving strong evidence of such a brood of the 

 codling moth in this country, except that from Dr. Smith, published 

 in Entomological News (Vol. V, p. 284). Dr. Smith was unable for 

 several years in succession to obtain any moths of the second brood 

 in his breeding cages, though wormy apples continued to appear in 

 the orchards in September and October. 



In a recent letter from Dr. Smith he states that there is a partial 

 second brood of the codling moth at New Brunswick, N. J. , the larv?e of 

 which attack, chiefly, pears of two varieties — Kieffer and Japan 

 Golden Russet. The fact that at least a partial second brood occurs 

 at New Brunswick makes me wonder if two full broods do not regularly 

 occur under normal conditions in the orchard. It is a point upon 

 which we should have more data both at New Brunswick and in other 

 northern apple-growing districts where it has been supxjosed less than 

 two annual broods occur. Larimer County, Colorado, is at the north- 

 ern limit of successful apple-growing within the State, yet the codling 

 moth appears to have been regularly two-brooded there during our 

 studies upon its life history for the past three years at least, and I 

 have been able to find no adequate evidence of even a partial addi- 

 tional brood in the warmer vallej^s in the mountainous districts, 

 where peaches, apricots, nectarines, and the tender varieties of Cali- 

 fornia grapes are grown to perfection. In breeding large numbers of 

 insects of any species it is not surprising to obtain an occasional 

 individual out of season. We have had a very few such instances in 

 rearing mau}^ hundreds of the codling moth, but not enough to desig- 

 nate them as a partial brood. For example, three larvse appeared in 

 our cages before July 15, that remained larvae over winter. I con- 

 sidered these mere stragglers that in some manner had been pre- 

 vented from undergoing their life cycle in a normal manner. 



' Third Rep. State Entomologist of 111., p. 172. 



