44 



to its attacks on the pear and apple, having spread (rarely, as the con- 

 ditions show) to the others from these two. 



The pear in Japan is represented by the old orchards of native trees 

 >and dooryard or garden trees, usually also native for the most part. 

 These orchards and trees are usually of considerable age, fiftj' to one 

 hundred years, except the replants. During the last thirty years a 

 good deal of American jDcar stock has come into Japan chiefly from 

 California without au}'^ fumigation, and verj^ often undoubtedly 

 infested with the San Jose scale. 



The nursery business in Japan is very largely limited to three 

 principal nursery districts or communities, and these were early thus 

 infested, and the new stock from America and the native varieties 

 gTOwn in the nurserj" alongside of the former, and infested therefrom, 

 liave been sent out all over the Empire in small lots and used to 

 replace trees in old native orchards or planted here and there in yards 

 and gardens, scattering the San Jose scale exactl}^ as it was in eastern 

 America a few years ago, and the San Jose scale conditions in Japan 

 to-day are the exact counterpart of what they are in our Eastern 

 States. 



In many instances I was able to see the beginning of scale infesta- 

 tion on American or other stock obtained but a few months before 

 from one or other of these nurseries, two of which I have examined. 

 In two instances, at least, the San Jose scale was on the young stock of 

 experiment stations — American varieties, which the stations were 

 experimenting with and about to introduce in their respective 

 provinces. 



In most of the orchards of native trees only, the scale had acquired 

 l)ut a A^er}' slight foothold. Newly set trees (which were traced in 

 nearly every instance to one of these nurseries) were the centers of 

 -contagion, or in some instances new orchards alongside of old ones 

 had carried the scale to the bordering trees of the old orchard. 



Old native pear trees in yards and gardens are usuall}' still exem^Dt 

 from tliis scale, and when infested, easilj' accounted for by the near-by 

 presence of new stock. It ver}^ naturally suggested itself that the 

 native pear of Japan is resistant to the San Jose scale, and this is the 

 more plausible because it is a rather scraggy, rough-barked plant, 

 much more so certainly than the American varieties. 



A ver}^ little examination demonstrated, however, that the San 

 Jose scale once carried to one of these native i3ear trees affects it just 

 as severely as it does the American variety. In other words, it is not 

 scattering or rare', but when it once gains lodgment, multii)lies rap- 

 idly in the temporar}' absence of its lad^'bird enemy, and occasion- 

 ally kills a tree. Were it a native species we should certainh' iind it 

 widely scattered, though probably sparingly, in these old orchards 

 and yard trees, as is the Diaspis on the cherry and plum, etc. 



The apple is scarcely grown at all in the south two- thirds of the 

 Empire, save as exemplified by a few orchards near Tokyo. Further- 



