45 



more, this fruit as economiealh' cultivated is of recent and purely 

 American origin. The native apple of Japan is a crab, grown more 

 for ornament than fruit, and a very rare tree, unknown to most 

 Jajjanese. 



The improved varieties of apples now grown here came from Amer- 

 ica (California), and tlie industry is not 30 j^ears old. Much of the 

 stock was undoubtedl}^ infested when received, and I am informed 

 that the orchards of north Japan have suffered much from this insect 

 from the start, although the nature of the trouble has not been long 

 recognized. Its very general non-occurrence in the one or two-hun- 

 dred-3'ear-old i^lum and cherr}^ trees, or those of lesser age grown in 

 thousands throughout the Empire, is verj^ significant, especially as it 

 attacks both of these trees when carried to them. It should be remem- 

 bered also that Koebele did not find it in Japan at all some ten years 

 since. 



It is perfectly patent, therefore, that the San Jose scale came from. 

 America to JajDan on American fruit trees which have been regularly 

 imported during the past thirty years, and chiefly from California, 

 w^here the San Jose scale has-been longest and worst. Its wide distri- 

 bution in Japan has been b}^ the leading nurseries, just as in America. 



It is here that the Diaspis has benefited Japan. The little lady- 

 bird enemy of this native scale insect has taken readily to the 

 introduced sjDecies, and has very materially checked its injuries. As 

 already shown, there is not a corner in all Japan where this ladybird 

 does not occur with the Diaspis, and wherever the San Jose scale has- 

 been carried it has found this active and fecund predaceous insect 

 ready to devour it, and very rarel}^ does a tree at all badly infested 

 long escape discovery and measurable protection. Isolated trees 

 may become covered with scale before the beetles find tliem, or new 

 OJ'chards and rejDlanted trees infested with scale will be injured, but 

 it does not last long, as a rule. 



The San Jose scale is attacked also by one or two Chalcidid para- 

 sites, presumably tlie ones we have in America and brought to Japan 

 with the scales or cosmopolites. (Sent to Dr. Howard for identifica- 

 tion.) 



Further, the San Jose scale, together with other Diaspine scales in 

 Japan, is badly attacked very often witli what ai^pears to be the same 

 orange-colored fungus Avhicli we find in our Southern States. The 

 climate here is especially favorable for the fungus — moist and sultry 

 heat characterizing much of the year. 



So much for the origin and present status of the San Jose scale in 

 Japan. It may be of interest to add some notes on one or two allied 

 subjects. 



For a long time the Japanese entomologists and some foreign ones, 

 notably in Germany, have held that the scale in Japan represented 

 a different species, or at least variety, from the American insect. I 

 am now able to confirm an older belief of mine that this is not the 



