70 



That this species is double-brooded there is no reasonable doubt, later 

 observations showing that the eggs of the fall brood are deposited 

 principally during September, the insect wintering over in the larval 

 stage and finishing this stage in early spring, its period of development 

 being a little later than the following species, although the two maybe 

 found abundantly at the same season, the Pachyrrhina appearing first 

 and seeming to be well advanced in the work of oviposition by the time 

 this begins to appear in noticeable numbers. 



Eespecting natural enemies, Mr. Beesom had observed great numbers 

 of crows and " bee birds" hovering about this field almost constantly, 

 and he was quite positive that they were engaged in the destruction of 

 the larvae. From what has already been stated, it seems probable that 

 the adults are, to some extent at least, destroyed by the Catbird. Of 

 the probable insect enemies, Pterostichus lucublandus was particularly 

 abundant, and Mr. Beesom at once pointed them out as the most nu- 

 merous in the field, and particularly where the larvae were then congre- 

 gated. Harpalus pennsylvanicus, R. caUginosus, and Pterostichus femor- 

 alis were also present in considerable numbers, as were also the larvae 

 of some species of Harpalus and Platynus, these larvae being especially 

 abundant in places where the pupae of the Tipula were massed. 



PACHYRRHINA S{). ? 



Late in April, 1890, news came to me of the depredations of a new 

 insect pest in fields of young wheat near Farmersburg, Sullivan County, 

 Ind. This time the depredators proved to be the larvae of a species of 

 Pachyrrina, but whose depredations were very much like the preceding ; 

 a visit to the locality on the 26th, and especially to the fields of Mr. T. 

 H. Kendall, revealing the nature of the depredator and effect of its 

 ravages. The insect was at that time most abundant in the pupal 

 stage, these pupae, after the manner of the Tipulidae in general, occupy- 

 ing vertical cells in the ground. Larvae were, however, present in con- 

 siderable numbers, both in the earth and on the surface, the day being- 

 rainy, and not only about the wheat plants, but also about stray clumps 

 of timothy, of which there were a considerable number scattered over 

 the field among the wheat. For reasons which will appear further on, 

 the numbers present in both stages did not correspond at all with the 

 reports of Mr. Kendall, nor with the amount of damage clearly attrib- 

 utable to the pest. The most seriously injured fields were those which 

 had been in clover the previous year. 



Of two fields adjoining each other, one sown on oat stubble, the other 

 on clover sod plowed early in October, the latter was damaged fully 50 

 per cent, while the former had escaped uninjured. Another field a 

 short distance from these, also in clover last year but plowed late in 

 August, was damaged only about 15 per cent. A clover field adjoining 

 the first two had been completely ruined, but this might have been in 

 part due to the winter, although the insect was present in abundance. 



