72 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 



lodges ill the saucer-like calyx, but does not distinguish between the 

 two cavities. He was able to find it two weeks later by chemical 

 analysis. 



A spray thrown up into the air and allowed to fall in large drops 

 deposited poison much like the oversprayed mist, but with much less 

 regularity. 



A driving spray of fine drops thrown with sufficient force to go 6 

 or 8 feet before breaking into a mist was next tested. This was 

 applied with the nozzle held so that it would throw the spray straight 

 into each cup from a distance of from 1 to 3 feet, and was continued 

 until each fruit cluster was freely dripping. When applied to the 

 open calyx this spray left a rim of poison around the base of the 

 stamens, scattered masses of it here and there in the central mass 

 of stamens and pistils, and forced some down through the roof of 

 stamens into the cup below ; part of this, no doubt, passed through 

 the minute openings and part was probably forced down through 

 the center. 



When applied to a partly closed calyx, the finer drops were 

 driven straight down through the shrunken stamens' " bars " and 

 gathered in the lower cups where the poison was deposited. Series 

 of countings gave an average of about 10 grains of poison visible in 

 the lower cups following this spray. 



As will be explained later, this method of spraying was found to 

 place the poison where the most worms entered, and was adopted for 

 all early sprays, with 15 grains of poison in the loAver cup as a 

 standard for two thorough sprayings. Card notes that coarse spray- 

 ing placed more poison in the calyx cups, but evidently referred to 

 the outer one, as he continues that it was easier to fill them whei 

 wide open, though more remained when partly closed. 



METHOD OF APPLYING A DRIVING SPRAY. 



In order to apply such a spray in a uniform and thorough man- 

 ner, it was found necessary for the operator to be on a level with the 

 upper limbs of the trees. From such a position, by using a 10-foot 

 extension pole with the nozzle set at an angle of 30° to the pole, one 

 could spray from above down and from the sides in ; and by spray- 

 ing from all four quarters of the tree one could force the poison 

 straight into each blossom at close range. Spraying was directed 

 entirely at the blossoms, no attention being paid to anything else, 

 and no spraying done where there were no blossoms. Each cluster 

 of blossoms was gone over two or three times and left freely drip- 

 ping. In practice it was found that this required about 1 gallon of 

 liquid at each spraying for every 3 bushels of fruit expected, and cost 

 three-fourths of a cent a bushel. 



