74 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 



almost all of these were in the lower cups. The spraying had not 

 been well done, as less than half of the apples contained enough poi- 

 son to be seen ; but of those that did about one-third contained dead 

 worms. Two " sick " worms and a number of fresh dead ones were 

 found, but the great majority of the dead ones were only recognized 

 by their shining black heads, and from that possibly a trace of a 

 decayed body could be made out. In no case were two live worms 

 found in the same cup, though in one case a live worm was found in 

 both inner and outer cups. Live worms and dead ones were fre- 

 quently found in the same cup ; in many cases two, and in a few even 

 more dead worms were found together. The climax was reached 

 when three dead heads and a live worm were found in a single lower 

 cup. 



In only one case Avas a dead worm found above the stamens, and 

 this one was on the shelf at their base. From the lack of dead worms 

 above the stamens it was concluded that most of the live ones found 

 on the outside were new arrivals, and had not yet made their way 

 beloAv. An examination of thousands of wormy apples with this point 

 in mind showed that in 97 or 98 per cent of those classed as " calyx 

 wormy " the entrance had been made from the lower part of the lower 

 cup, from which it would seem that the method of spraying that 

 would place the most poison in this region would be the best. 



KILLING THE SECOND BROOD. 



Many factors influence the number of worms entering the calyx in 

 the second brood. Some always go in on the free surface of the 

 apples, more go in where apples touch, but in our experiments, taking 

 all the varieties through all the years, almost two-thirds of them have 

 been found to go into the calyx. In slow-growing and stunted apples 

 the calyx is often so tightly closed that it is hard for a worm to find 

 an entrance, while in the fast-growing apples and the larger ones 

 of all varieties the calyx often opens up again about the time the 

 worms are appearing. 



Only a little of the poison of the first sprayings can be found in even 

 the most protected locations, and of course none would remain on the 

 free surfaces of the apples even if it had been left there (and this 

 sort of spraying leaves very little in the first place) , so it was rather 

 hard to explain how the worms were killed on the sides, yet every 

 record has shown that some were killed. This is a subject that needs 

 careful investigation. 



In the case of the calyx worms, however, abundant evidence was at 

 hand to show how they were killed. The poison placed in the calyx 

 in June could be found in only slightly diminished quantities in 

 August and September, and the record of 97 per cent of calyx worms 



