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it had killed all or nearly all the trees on which it was brought and had 
spread to all the other fruit trees in the immediate vicinity, some of 
which also had succumbed. Probably at this place several acres were 
badly infested, and of course it is to be feared that the scale has been 
earried to other orchards in the neighborhood. 
In Ingham County one locality was found in the city of Lansing where 
the fruit trees about two houses and in their gardens were badly 
affected, and the scale had overrun rose bushes, currant bushes, grape 
vines, and even one or two shrubs of Spirea. In this case the scale 
was originally brought on pear trees which were bought from a resident 
dealer in 1888 or 1889. The trees were said to have been obtained in 
New York State, but, as the dealer is known to have been unreliable 
and as very few trees were true to name, it is not likely that any 
dependence can be placed on the statement. It is more than probable 
that the stock came from New Jersey and that other parties in the 
vicinity have introduced the scale through the same dealer. 
In still another case (and county) a dealer is known to have handled 
stock which was infested with the scale, and that at least five or six 
years ago, so that it is fair to assume that this pest is now pretty widely 
and thoroughly distributed through the fruit-growing parts of the 
State, and we may expect to find it in large quantities in all the coun- 
ties of the four southern tiers, and yet farther north along the west 
side of the State. 
Since the scale thrives in Ingham and Ottawa counties it is likely to 
winter safely still farther north, and as yet the life zones in Michigan 
are so poorly defined that it is impossible to draw any line beyond which 
we may safely predict that the scale can not live. The larger part of 
the Lower Peninsula of Michigan consists of the upper austral and 
transition life zones, of Merriam, and it has been believed that else- 
where in the United States the San José scale is limited on the north 
by the line which separates these two life zones. In this State, how- 
ever, the criteria which serve to separate these areas elsewhere do not 
appear to serve. There seems to be a more complete mingling of the 
forms of life which should characterize these zones than occurs elsewhere, 
and before we can define their limits it will be necessary to find other 
test species than those which have been relied upon in New England 
and New York. Asan illustration of the complexity of this question, it 
may be stated that in the same regions where such characteristic aus- 
tral trees as the redbud and papaw abound we find also the boreal 
black spruce and arbor vite; in fact, the latter tree occurs, in favorable 
places, in every county in Michigan, with the possible exception of the 
four eastern counties of the southernmost tier. 
The contrasts of animal life are equally surprising, for, with practi- 
cally no variation in altitude, we find the porcupine and northern hare— 
both boreal species—within a few hundred yards of the fox squirrel, 
gray fox, and less often the opossum, all three belonging properly in 
