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kerosene emulsion for the use of this ranch alone. The plant is similar 
to that devised by Mr. Gunnis, and the capacity is such that the emul- 
sion can be made in quantities of 150 gallons at a time and very rapidly. 
He uses a formula slightly different from the Hubbard. The propor- 
tions are 35 galions of whale-oil soap, 100 gallons of kerosene oil, and 
50 gallons of water. This is diluted for application to trees with 7 
parts water, costing in the diluted state 13 cents per gallon. 
Kerosene emulsion has probably been given its most extensive trial 
on the Pacific Coast at the Las Fuentos ranch. Two years since Mr. 
Gunnis sent his excellent spraying apparatus to Santa Barbara, together 
with some 8,000 or 10,000 gallons of emulsion, and thoroughly sprayed 
the lemon plantings, comprising upward of 25,000 trees. 
In some of the earlier work many trees were killed, owing probably 
to the accumulation of oil in the bottom of the reservoir or tank, so that 
the last three or four trees with each filling received an unusually heavy 
dose, which, running down the trunk, collected in the cavity about the 
crown caused by the swaying of the trees in the wind. The accumula- 
tion of oil in this way may be prevented by giving the tank a conical 
bottom, so that the liquid may be thoroughly exhausted each time 
before refilling, and as a further precaution, before treating, the trees 
may be mounded up about the base and the earth thoroughly compacted. 
With these precautions no injury has resulted from the later sprayings. 
The treatment kills the young of the black scale and the fungus breaks 
up and soon peels off. 
LIME, SALT, AND SULPHUR WASH. 
As the members of the Association are aware, this is the almost 
invariable remedy for the San José scale on the Pacific Slope, and asa 
rule it is undoubtedly effective. Our experience with this wash in the 
East had thrown doubt on its real efficiency as an insecticide, and it 
has been clearly demonstrated that under the climatic conditions east 
of the Alleghanies it is almost valueless. In California, however, after 
a careful study of the facts in the field, I am compelled to admit that 
the demonstration of its usefulness against the San José scale is com- 
plete and the benefit of its application to orchards is most manifest. 
In the vicinity of Pomona, Cal., unsprayed orchards were badly in- 
fested with San José scale, while in adjoining sprayed orchards the 
scale was entirely killed and the trees were rapidly recovering and 
showing vigorous and healthy new growth. In contiguous orchards, 
also, of the same kinds of trees, similarly treated so far as cultivation 
is concerned, the trees which had been subjected to yearly spraying 
were at least one-third larger than untreated trees. This wash is of 
value also as a fungicide, protecting stone fruits from leaf fungi, and is 
also a protection against birds, the common California linnet doing 
great damage to buds in January and February. The wash is almost 
invariably made and applied by contractors, and costs about 5 cents per 
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