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found without any eggs or traces of young larvre of Oarpocapsa, the 

 second brood having already begun its destructive work. From these 

 few notes it is evident that with a little care early fruit can be kept 

 almost free from the attacks of the worms, while with later sorts this 

 becomes more difficult, and such fruit generally is rendered useless by 

 the attacks of the second brood, and is fed to pigs. 



Enemies. — Enemies of the Codling Moth appear to be quite abundant 

 in California already. I have indeed been surprised in finding minute 

 Chalcids infesting the eggs.* These are not numerous, and had not 

 been observed on eggs of the first brood, yet they may have been pres- 

 ent. In fourteen boxes of Bartlett pears examined on August 20 and 

 21, about seventy parasitized eggs were found, and about an equal 

 number from which the parasites had issued; no doubt some were over- 

 looked. But few of the pears showed traces of worms of the first brood, 

 yet nearly all contained eggs of the second brood and very often more 

 than one. As many as eleven eggs were found upon a single pear. 

 One was found on the stem, six on the pear surrounding the stem, two 

 on the upper half and the other two near the calyx. Of these, two con- 

 tained parasites, one of which had issued, two were still fresh, and the 

 rest had hatched. I should note here that the pears had been taken off 

 three days previously. In other pears with less eggs, as many as three 

 and even four young larva3 were found. The eggs found upon pears 

 were most numerous near the stem, the others almost invariably on the 

 upper surface of fruit, and but very few on the lower part or calyx. It 

 was also observed that the young larvre very rarely enter the fruit 

 where an egg is deposited, but generally somewhat lower down, and in 

 many instances instead of going to the center they leave their first mine 

 after a few days and enter at the open calyx. On apples it appears 

 they will oftener enter the fruit from the sides. 



Many of the eggs of the first brood were destroyed by some enemy, 

 what I could not learn. They had a brownish and shrunken appearance, 

 and it is probable that they were destroyed by the Chrysopa larvre, 

 which were present in numbers upon the trees at the time. With the 

 exception of these and the Coccinellid larvre no other insects were ob- 

 served in numbers likely to destroy the eggs. This was not observed 

 to be the case with eggs of the second brood, at which time the pre- 

 daceous larvae mentioned had disappeared. The other three parasites 

 bred during the summer are all from the chrysalids. The most efficient 

 destroyer of Carpocapsa, however, is a small bat which is always in 

 search of the moths, appearing somewhat later than the latter, but 

 keeping up its chase until dark, when apparently the moths cease their 

 flight and the bats go off in search of other food. Every night during 

 June as many as six of these bats were to be seen flying around an 

 isolated apple tree upon which there were a large number of the moths, 

 not only taking the Carpocapsa on the wing, but very often darting at a 



*This parasite is a species of the genus Trichogramma. — C. V. R. 



