45 



adults as well as nymphs of all sizes were very abundant. My obser- 

 vations were not conclusive as to whether there was an additional brood 

 in the summer; but two broods are proven. To recapitulate: We 

 have nymphs hibernating, reaching adult stage latter part of March 

 to middle of April; eggs deposited about April 15 to June 1, nymphs 

 reaching maturity throughout July. These adults probably produce 

 the eggs for the brood of nymphs which hibernate, but I am not cer- 

 tain but what a third brood intervenes. I did not ascertain the time 

 of egg-deposition for the hibernating brood of nymphs. 



Details in the life history of Liburnia lutulenta are virtually the 

 same as for L. campestris. The two species are often taken in the same 

 locality, but lutulenta is more apt to be found in lower ground. The 

 nymphs of the two species are very similar in color in the hibernating 

 broods, those of campestris being dull light gray in general color, 

 while those of lutulenta are darker; markings are similar, but lutulenta 

 has a conspicuously defined lighter area on the tergum of first and 

 second abdominal segments. The summer nymphs of campestris are 

 lighter in color, often almost white, and usually of varying shades of 

 yellow. 



These two are the most abundant species of Fulgorids living in 

 grass lands, so far as I have observed, and they may come to be of 

 some economic importance should they suddenly increase in large 

 numbers; but so far as I have noticed, their injury to grass by suck- 

 ing the sap from the stems and leaves is very small compared to the 

 injury resulting from the feeding of various species of Jassids, some 

 of which occur in great numbers. 



If these two Fulgorids should become so abundant as to be doing 

 appreciable damage, they might be kept in check by close and fre- 

 quent mowing of the grass during the period of egg-deposition. This 

 would cut off the grass containing most of the eggs, and it was found 

 that the eggs dried up and failed to hatch if the grass containing them 

 was allowed to dry. 



A check to their increase to injurious numbers is a hymenopterous 

 parasite, Gonatopus bicolor, which is quite common upon both spe- 

 cies. Some notes in regard to the habits of this parasite were pub- 

 lished in the June number of the Ohio Naturalist, 1903. The larva 

 of the parasite lives in a sack protruding from between the segments 

 on the dorsal side of the abdomen of host. Nymphs of Liburnia 

 lutulenta of the brood which hibernated were found infested with these 

 parasites, only one parasite to a host. Some of these were reared to 

 maturity and the parasite identified in the adult stage. When the 

 parasitic larva gets its growth it escapes from the sack and spins a 

 tiny white cocoon in the groove of a grass blade or some other suitable 

 place. The growth of the larva so exhausts the host that it results 

 in its death about the time the full growth of the parasite has been 

 attained. The adults come forth from the cocoons in about three or 



