49 



and consider whether the work is being done under the direction and 

 supervision of another or whether it is independent and original on 

 the part of him who performs it. When the work has been planned 

 and directed by the head of a department and carried out by an 

 unskilled assistant there is no reason why any credit should be given 

 unless such work is unpaid and voluntary. If such a helper, how- 

 ever, has shown unusual fidelity and ability, favorable mention might 

 not be out of place. If the help has been voluntary and unpaid, the 

 person should be given credit for his service if of much importance. 

 His statements and observations, if quite valuable, may be quoted 

 directly as coming from him. An orchardist, for example, puts bands 

 upon all his apple trees and examines them once a week throughout 

 the summer and fall at the request of the entomologist of an experi- 

 ment station, and keeps a complete record of the worms found at the 

 different dates and gives the results to the entomologist. Full credit 

 should be given for the data furnished if they are used. On the other 

 hand, if a man had been hired to do the same piece of work and fur- 

 nish the data obtained he would have no claim for credit in a publi- 

 cation of the results, though to give credit would not be out of place 

 and might be necessary as a matter of defense on the part of the 

 entomologist. However, it is not from this class of help that we are 

 most likely to hear complaints of too little credit, but from the other 

 class that I have designated as "skilled." 



Before going further let me mention the different ways in which 

 credit may be given. There may be favorable mention (a brief state- 

 ment giving credit), a direct quotation, joint authorship in publica- 

 tion, or independent publication on the part of the assistant. 



In determining the credit due to a skilled assistant we shall also 

 have to know, first of all, whether the work was planned by the head 

 of the department, or whether it was independent and original work 

 on the part of the assistant. If the work was planned quite fully by 

 the head of the department and carried out by an assistant whose 

 name is published with the paper, the writer would take the position 

 that such assistant has no claim upon the head of the department for 

 any further mention. At the same time, if the work were such as to 

 reflect special credit upon the assistant, the author would doubtless 

 be glad to make mention of the fact, and there would be nothing- 

 improper in his doing so. 



On the other hand, if the work were done by a volunteer and unpaid 

 helper, he ought always to be given credit for his part in the work, 

 either by favorable mention or by direct quotations from his state- 

 ments. For example, we will suppose experiments are being carried 

 on to determine the life history of the codling moth and an assistant 

 is given full directions and is set to work keeping full records upon 

 wormy apples and numbers of worms appe^ng daily under bands 



22564— No. 46—04 4 



