ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAII. 63 



enemies of H. serrata have not met with snccess. a Ten years have 

 passed in the meantime, and only temporary relief has been gained 

 about barnyards by means of artificial remedies. Accordingly, the 

 work of the official entomologist of Hawaii would embrace the fol- 

 lowing: (1) Efforts at introduction of specific enemies of the various 

 noxious insects; (2) an all-embracing study of the pests, particu- 

 larly those not checked by natural enemies; (3) experiments with 

 cultural methods and remedies to be employed against injurious 

 insects not otherwise taken care of; (4) a campaign of education 

 along all lines, of those whose material interests are affected by 

 insects. 



We must reach the happy medium between the two extremes of 

 exclusively " natural " and exclusively " artificial " fighters of insect 

 enemies. In order to render aid to those whose crops or live stock 

 are afflicted with pests not naturally bridled, we must study and 

 prescribe cultural and insecticidal methods. By means of popular, 

 well-illustrated publications we must acquaint our clientele with 

 their enemies and friends in nature. Take clean culture, for exam- 

 ple. In so far as it affects the life of the injurious insect we must 

 advocate it. This, of course, implies a knowledge on our part of 

 the methods of cultivation pursued in a certain crop, though on the 

 face of it such knowledge seems beyond the range of our activity. 

 In the absence of an effective enemy of Sphenophorus obscurus Ave 

 advocate the stripping of cane and the burning of trash as a check 

 upon that pest. 



We have, it is true, some enemies of the purple scale (Lepidosaphes 

 heckii Newm.) in Chilocorus circumdatus Gyll., Orcus chalyheus 

 Boisd., and Aphelinus diaspidis How., but their economic value is 

 very slight, and we should doubtless follow in wisdom's course 

 by advising to shake the orange tree in order to expel what lady- 

 birds there may be upon it and then spray it with an effective con- 

 tact wash. Of course wherever possible we must bend our energies 

 to import the natural enemy of every insect that is injurious. If 

 funds for personal importation of such enemies can not be obtained 

 we must resort to whatever other means are available. But we must 

 bear in mind that the planter wants immediate, effective, and inex- 

 pensive means of fighting his enemies. 



In autumn, 1899, Mr. Koebele went with Mr. George Compere to 

 Australia and Fiji " to collect beneficial insects and plants for these 

 islands," and the results are published in the report to the ministei 

 of the interior for 1900, page 36. Ceroplastes rubens Mask., once so 

 common here, has been hardest hit by internal parasites sent during 



<* Since writing the above, Sp'alangia hirta Haliday, kindly determined by 

 Dr. Wm. H. Ashmead, was bred from II. serrata pupae collected on each of the 

 islands. 



