PREVIOUS WORK WITH INSECT PARASITES. 35 
once introduced this same Cryptolemus, which is an Australian 
insect, with the result that the Pulvinaria was speedily reduced to a 
condition of harmlessness. 
It may be incidentally stated that within the past year efforts have 
been made by the Bureau of Entomology to send the Cryptolemus to 
Malaga, Spain, for the purpose of feeding upon a Dactylopius. The 
first attempt was unsuccessful, and the results of the last attempt 
have not yet been learned. 
Another importation of Koebele’s into Hawaii was the ladybird 
Coccinella repanda Thunb. from Ceylon, Australia, and China, which 
was successful in destroying plant lice upon sugar cane and other 
crops. Writing in 1896, Mr. R. C. L. Perkins stated that Koebele 
had already introduced eight other species which had become natu- 
ralized and were reported as doing good work against certain scale — 
insects. Among other things he introduced Chalcis obscurata Walk. 
from China and Japan, which multiplied enormously at the expense 
of an injurious lepidopterous larva (Omiodes blackburni Butl.) which 
had severely attacked banana and palm trees. 
Koebele’s travels from 1894 to 1896 were through Australia, China, 
Ceylon, and Japan. In 1899 he left for Australia and the Fiji Islands, 
and sent many ladybirds and parasites to Hawaii, especially to attack 
the scale Ceroplastes rubens Mask. The Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ 
Association, an organization which was responsible for Koebele’s 
appointment, subsequently employed Mr. R.C. L. Perkins, Mr. G. W. 
Kirkaldy, Mr. F. W. Terry, Mr. O. H. Swezey, and Mr. F. Muir. By 
the close of 1902 sugar planters were especially anxious concerning 
the damage of*an injurious leafhopper on the sugar cane, Perkinsiella 
saccharicida Kirk. This insect had been accidentally introduced 
from Australia about 1897, had increased rapidly, and by 1902 had 
become a serious pest. Koebele had made an effort to introduce 
parasites of leafhoppers from the United States into Hawaii, with 
unsatisfactory results, and consequently in the spring of 1904 Koe- 
bele and Perkins visited Australia and collected all possible parasites 
of different leafhoppers. Altogether they succeeded in finding more 
than 100 species. Of these the following hymenopterous parasites 
are said to have become acclimated in Hawaii: Anagrus (two species), 
Paranagrus optabilis Perk. and P. perforator Perk. and Ootetrastichus 
beatus Perk. These species are all parasitic upon the eggs of the leaf- 
_ hopper. By the end of 1906 observations upon a certain plantation 
indicated the destruction of 86.3 per cent of the eggs by these para- 
sites. In addition to these egg parasites certain proctotrypid 
parasites of hatched leafhoppers have apparently become established, 
namely, Haplogonatopus vitiensis Perk., Pseudogonatopus (two 
species), and Fcthrodelphax fairchildii Perk. Three predatory 
beetles, namely, Verania frenata Erichs., V. lineola Fab., and Calli- 
neda testudinaria Muls.. were also distributed in large numbers, 
