BROWN-TAIL. MOTH AND PARASITES IN EUROPE. 133 
tory, they have received as much and as careful consideration as 
have the parasites of the more dangerous pests. 
So far as known the brown-tail moth does not occur in Japan, and 
in consequence no determined efforts have been made to secure, from 
Japanese sources, parasites likely to attack it. It has an ally and con- 
gener there in Huproctis conspersa Butl., which is attacked by a variety 
of parasites, some of which may be expected to attack the brown-tail 
moth if given an opportunity. A few of them have been collected 
and forwarded to the laboratory through the great kindness of Mr. 
Kuwana, but unfortunately have arrived in such condition, or at such 
time of the year, as to make their colonization impossible. It is 
intended in the near if not in the immediate future to devote some 
time to the investigation of the Japanese parasites likely to be of 
service in this respect, and, if any can be found of promise, to attempt 
their importation into America. 
In Europe the brown-tail moth appears to be the more common of 
the two insects under consideration and, taken all in all, it is probably 
the more injurious as well. Neither in Europe nor in America does 
it bring about the wholesale defoliation characteristic of an invasion 
of the gipsy moth, but its jury is of a more insidious character and 
more evenly distributed throughout the years. In Russia, in the fall 
of 1910, the junior author was astounded at the tremendous abun- 
dance of its nests in many localities, notably on the irregular hedge- 
rows planted as a windbreak alongside the railroad in the midst of an 
otherwise open prairie. Occasionally small scrubs of Cratzgus, or 
wild pear, completely isolated by what seemed to be miles of open 
prairie, would be fairly covered with the nests. 
In gardens in the vicinity of Kief pear and apple trees were fre- 
quently injured to a considerable extent by its caterpillars, and some- 
times to a greater extent by the caterpillars of Aporia crategi L., 
which are similar in their habit, and were constructing their own hiber- 
nating nests side by side with those of the brown-tail moth. In the 
forests round about it was common, but except occasionally not quite 
so common as in southeastern New England. On one occasion in 
excess of 50 nests were noted upon a small hawthorn which stood at 
the edge of an oak forest. This was just a little worse than anything 
which has been seen in America. 
In southern France the circumstances under which it occurred were 
as surprising as those under which the gipsy moth was encountered, 
in respect to their departure from that which past experience led the 
visitor to consider as the normal. M. Dillon, who had collected and 
forwarded to the laboratory a considerable quantity of the winter 
nests, undertook to guide the visitor to the locality where they were 
collected. The way led through a rich and fertile valley, with many 
sorts of trees, including apple and pear, as well as hawthorn and oak, 
