136 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. 
PARASITISM OF THE GIPSY MOTH IN AMERICA. 
Although the gipsy moth is attacked by a considerable variety of 
American parasites the aggregate effectiveness of all the species 
together is wholly insignificant, so far as has been determined by 
the rearing work which has been conducted on an extensive scale 
at the laboratory. Actual effectiveness may be greater than indi- 
cated, however, because it is possible that the caterpillars or pupe 
may be attacked by parasites, the larvee of which are unable to com- 
TasLe III.—Sequence of brown-tail moth parasites in Europe. 
LARVAL STAGES. 
ae £66 | ALL STAGES |WIN-|__ SPRING STAGES. PUPAL STAGES, 
Pe af eB laa 
*TRICHOGRAMMA SP 
X7RICHOGRAMIMA PRETIOSA-LIKE 
X7ELENO/10US PHALAENARU/ 
APANTELES LACTEICOLOR 
METEORUS VERS/ICOLOR 
ZY60BOTHRIA NIDICOLA 
| X7EROMALUS EGREGIUS 
*LIMNERIU/4 DISPARIS 
PAREXOR/ISTA CHELON/AE 
DEXODES NIGRIPES 
COMPSILURA conciInNaATAL 
*SLEPHARIDEA VULGARIS 
| XCYCLOTOPHRYS ANSER 
| X4S/CERA SYLVATICA 
LUDOROM VIA MAGNICORNIS 
ZENILLIA LIGATRIX 
PALES PAVIDA 
TACHINA LARVARUM 
XTRICHOLYGA GRANDIS 
XPIMPLA BRASSICARIAE. 
XP/MPLA INSTIGATR/X 
KPIMPLA EXAMINATRIX 
XTHERONIA ATALANTAE 
| MONODONTOMERUS AEREUS 2 
X*DIGLOCHIS. OMNIVORA 
XPTEROMALUS SP 
4 , ATTACKS YOUNG CATERPILLARS BEFORE HIBERNATION, BUT LARVAE APPARENTLY FAIL TO MATURE. 
‘2, ADULT FEMALES HIBERNATE IN WINTER NESTS. 
*%, SPECIES NOT CONSIDERED 70 BE OF MUCH IMPORTANCE ECONOMICALLY. 
plete their transformations under the conditions in which they find 
themselves. This is known to be true in the instance of what would 
otherwise be a very important parasite, Tachina mella. 
In such instances the host usually remains unaffected and the par- 
asite perishes. At other times, as proved through a series of ex- 
periments carried on by Mr. P. H. Timberlake, of the Gipsy Moth 
Parasite Laboratory, in the spring of 1910, the host may perish 
without exhibiting any external symptoms of its condition. No 
