PARASITES OF GIPSY-MOTH CATERPILLARS. — 195 
ered to be different from the European. Absolutely no differences in life and habit 
which can serve to separate the two are known, and, as the adults are also indistin- 
guishable in appearance, they are considered to be identical. 
It has been the subject of frequent mention under the name of Apanteles, as well as 
of Glyptapanteles, in the various reports of the superintendent of moth work, from 
the first to the fourth; and Dr. Howard, in the account of his first trip to Europe in the 
interests of parasite introduction, tells of its occurrence in the suburbs of Vienna. 
Largely on account of the fact that it is much more conspicuous than many of the other 
parasites, it has attracted more general attention. The Rev. H. A. Loomis, a mis- 
sionary, and resident of Yokohama, was the first to call attention to its importance in 
Japan, and made several unsuccessful attempts to send it to America. Dr. G. P. 
Clinton, mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, who visited 
Japan in 1909, observed the parasite at 
work, and reported most favorably upon 
its efficiency as a check to the moth. Nu- 
merous other attempts on the part of Euro- 
pean and Japanese entomologists, including 
one elaborate experiment which involved 
the shipment of a large wire-screened cage 
containing a living tree with gipsy caterpil- 
lars and the parasite, were made, but with 
uniformly ill success. Upon every occasion 
the parasites all emerged from their cocoons 
and died en route. 
When every other means failed, Prof. 
Kincaid, as already stated, was deputed to 
visit Japan, and to make all necessary ar- 
rangements for the transportation of the 
parasite cocoons in cold storage to America. 
The arrangements which he perfected pro- 
vided for continuous cold storage, not only 
en route across the Pacific, but during 
practically every moment from the time 
the cocoons were collected in the field in 
Japan until they were received at the 
laboratory in Melrose. Events justified the 
adoption of every precaution, and, with all aw 
the care, only a small part of the very large 
quantity of cocoons which he collected WY 
reached their destination in good condition. 
Hundreds of thousands were collected and 
shipped, and less than 50,000 were received 
alive—nearly all in one shipment in July. 
The season in Massachusetts was early, 
and nearly all of the gipsy caterpillars had 
pupated by that time, so that there was no opportunity for the parasite to increase in 
the field upon this host that season. In 1909 the sites of the colonies were frequently 
visited, but not a single parasitized caterpillar was found which could be traced to 
colonizations of the year before. Keen disappointment was at first felt, but later 
developments have tended to throw a more encouraging light upon the situation. 
In 1909 importations were continued, through the magnificent efforts of Prof. S. I. 
Kuwana, of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station at Tokio, with much more 
satisfactory results. In 1908 the season in Japan was very late, and it was not practi- 
Fig. 33.—A panteles fulvipes: Cocoons surround- 
ing dead gipsy-moth caterpillar. Slightly en- 
larged. (Original.) 
