PARASITES OF GIPSY-MOTH CATERPILLARS. 7 199 
In some instances they appear to be identical. In others it may be 
possible to find minor structural characters which, together with the 
difference in their habitat, will make it worth while to designate them 
by different names. Some very distinct species are peculiar to 
Europe or to Japan, and remain unrepresented by any nearly resem- 
bling them in the other country. 
In 1909, as the immediate result of colonization work carried out 
under the happy auspices already described, it was possible to 
collect large numbers of Apanteles fulvipes cocoons under perfectly 
natural conditions in the open in America. This was accordingly 
done, with the result that no less than 18 additional hyperparasites 
were added to the list of those which attacked this host. Some of 
these were rare, others very common in this connection. A few 
appear to be undescribed. 
The most interesting thing about them taken as a group, is the 
general resemblance which they bear to the similar groups of Euro- 
pean and Japanese parasitic Hymenop- 
tera having identical habits. Appa- 
rently there are about as many points 
incommon between the American para- 
sites of Apanteles fulvipes and the Japa- 
nese or the European as there are be- 
tween the European and the Japanese. 
In the course of the work a total of 
5,456 cocoons of Apanteles fulvipes was 
collected from several of the recently 
established colonies, but principally 
from two, representing the first among rig. 34.—4 panteles fulvipes: Cocoons from 
those planted in 1909 and in both of which Apanteles and its secondaries 
; ? have issued, as follows: a, A panteles ful- 
which a second generation occurred. vipes; b, Hypopteromalus; c, Hemiteles 
Of this total, 1,531, or 28 percent, had ‘Pi @, Dibrachys; ¢, Asecodes. En- 
a larged. (Original.) 
produced the Apanteles at the time of 
collection; 2,373, or 44 per cent, were attacked by secondaries (fig. 
34); 634, or 12 per cent, were destroyed by various predatory insects, 
ants, etc.; and 918, or 17 per cent, remained unhatched in October, 
1909. Among the unhatched cocoons was a considerable proportion 
which contained the hibernating larve of Asecodes, Elasmus, and 
Dimmockia. In more than one instance, too, hatching was prevented 
by superparasitism, and in others death probably resulted through 
the attack of predatory bugs. On at least one occasion Podisus sp. 
was found with its proboscis thrust through the wall of the cocoon 
and feeding upon the parasite larva or pupa within. 
An idea of the variety of secondary parasites reared is conveyed 
by the tabulated list following. 
