MOVEMENT OF SPERMATOZOIDS. 61 
matozoids while swimming free in sugar solution, as well as on a study 
of prepared material, while apparently only two living spermatozoids 
had been observed of Ginkgo and none in the case of Cycas. This 
constituted one of the fundamental points of difference between the 
writer’s conclusions and those of Hirase and Ikeno, which would seem 
to indicate a closer relationship of Cycas to Ginkgo than to Zamia. 
Fortunately this difference has been explained by Fujii (39), who 
undertook a study of the living spermatozoids of Ginkgo particularly 
to settle this point of difference. Fujii, as described above, studied a 
number of living spermatozoids, and had an excellent opportunity to 
setile this point of difference. He concludes as follows: 
Hence, with my observations, I shall infer that the spermatozoid of Ginkgo has no 
tail. Here I will only point out that, as everyone knows, Mr. Hirase did not draw 
a false figure different from what he observed, and I remember that his figure is the 
same as one which I saw in his preparation (which was afterwards unfortunately dam- 
aged during a journey). Therefore, I think that (1) the spermatozoid in Hirase’s 
preparation was an abnormal one; (2) when the spermatozoid was getting out of 
the pollen tube possibly a broken part of another cell adhered to it, and he looked 
upon this asa tail; (3) he may have taken a part of the body of the spermatozoid 
broken by pressure with the cover glass to be a tail. 
In a later paper on the same subject, Fujii (40) states that deformed 
spermatozoids having appendages similar to that described by Hirase 
-are quite frequently observed, being caused by pressure in escaping 
from the pollen tube, etc. This can often be observed in the sperma- 
tozoids in the archegonia at the time of fecundation or later. He says: 
In this case we can observe the various shapes of deformed spermatozoids, and some 
of them seem to have a tail or nipple or asmall lump atone end of the body; * * * 
hence, it is not a matter of surprise if Mr. Ikeno sketched a figure of a spermatozoid 
at the opening of the ovisac as having a tail-like appendage, and last October I 
affirmed, with the preparation made by Mr. Ikeno, that a part of the mantle of this 
spermatozoid changed and looked something like a tail. 
Since the publication of his preliminary statement that no such tail 
was found in the spermatozoid of Zama (123), the writer has care- 
fully reinvestigated this question, using again both living and prepared 
material. All the evidence which has been accumulated strengthens 
his former conclusion, and he is certain that no tail is present in the 
spermatozoid of Zamza under normal conditions. As explained above, 
however, the body of the spermatozoid is highly elastic and has a more 
or less pronounced amceboid movement when swimming in a confined 
location like the interior of the pollen tube. It is easy to see that the 
instantaneous killing of the spermatozoid, when a portion of the body 
was extended, from pressure or otherwise, might result in obtaining 
preparations showing tail-like protrusions. Such deformities are 
rarely met with, however, in Zama, being evidently of much rarer 
occurrence than in Ginkgo. Ikeno’s evidence supporting the occur- 
rence of a tail in Cycas is evidently based on a few instances of the 
